Fig. 4

Ablation of GADD45A promotes browning of subcutaneous WAT and protects mice against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. A H&E staining of iWAT sections from WT and KO mice at eight weeks. Scale bar, 100 μm and 50 μm, respectively. B Relative mRNA expression of pan-adipocyte, BAT- and WAT-selective genes in iWAT from WT and KO mice (n = 6). C The protein levels of UCP1, ETC (electron transport chain) complexes (ATP5A, ATP synthase, H⁺ transporting, mitochondrial F1 complex, alpha 1; UQCRC2, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase core protein II; MTCO1, cytochrome c oxidase I; SDHB, succinate dehydrogenase complex iron sulfur subunit B; NDUFB8, ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8) in iWAT of WT and KO mice. D The quantification of protein levels is based on C (n = 6). E–I Body weight (E), food intake (F), adipose mass (G), liver mass (H), and muscle mass (I) in WT and KO mice after HFD for 10 weeks (n = 6). J, K Blood glucose concentrations (J) and calculated area under the curve (AUC) (K) during glucose tolerance tests (GTT) performed in WT and KO male mice after HFD (n = 6). L Blood glucose concentrations during insulin tolerance tests (ITT) were performed in WT and KO male mice (n = 6). M, N H&E staining of iWAT and eWAT sections from WT and KO mice after HFD. Error bars represent SEM, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, two-tailed Student’s t-test. Scale bars: 100 μm and 50 μm