Fig. 5

Population branch statistics identify differentially expressed genes under selection. A Population branch statistics can estimate lineage-specific selection leading to resistant genotypes. Branch lengths represent the magnitude of allele frequency change. For loci evolving neutrally in both resistant and susceptible genotypes, differences in allele frequency between resistant and susceptible individuals of the same population (S1, R1) will be smaller than allele frequency differences between susceptible individuals from two separate populations (S1, S2) (top). For loci under selection in resistant genotypes, differences in allele frequency between resistant and susceptible individuals of the same population (S1, R1) will be greater than allele frequency differences between susceptible individuals from two separate populations (S1, S2) (bottom). High PBS scores indicate genes that are under selection among resistant individuals from a given population. B Overlap of genic and non-genic regions designated as selection candidates (top 1% of their respective PBS distributions). PBS was estimated for 5 kb upstream of each gene (top), the gene body (middle), and 5 kb downstream of each gene (bottom). The blue, red, green, and orange bars represent genes that are only designated as selection outliers in Guiana, Iquitos, Marañón, or Nanay, respectively. Numbers above the bars indicate the number of selection outliers in that specific intersection. For all three regions, selection candidates are almost exclusively found in a single population. C Venn diagrams displaying the overlap between differentially expressed genes and genes under selection in resistant genotypes. Colors indicate population membership: blue (Guiana), red (Iquitos), green (Marañón), and orange (Nanay). Differentially expressed genes that are under selection in resistant individuals from a given population (intersection of the Venn diagrams) are high-quality candidates for further experimentation