Fig. 4

Hypermethylation in the pcdh gene. A IGV snapshots showing multiple representative hyperDMPs in pcdh1g gene, with increased methylation in MOH samples compared to DOH. B IGV view of the same promoter regions showing no hyperDMPs between the MOS and DOS groups. C Predictive hyperDMPs between the HybS and DOS groups in pcdh1a and pcdh2a genes. The black lines below the sample tracks represent predicted DMP regions. DMP regions are also highlighted by red lines above the sample tracks, and RefSeq gene annotations are shown below the tracks. D Relative gene expression levels of pcdh1g2, pcdh1g31, pcdh1g22, pcdh1g33, and itga5 normalized to housekeeping gene eef1a1l1 (Individual data values for qPCR are provided in Additional file 7). Data are shown as mean ± SD; One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons for data with Gaussian distribution and Kruskal–Wallis test for data with non-Gaussian distribution (for pcdh1g2 data), p < 0.05, n = 5 biological replicates, ns = not significant