Fig. 3

Outgroup-f₃ statistics and admixture-f₃ statistics for GPHs. a, b Outgroup-f₃ statistics based on the merged HGDP-O data and the merged 1240 K data to explore the geographic distribution pattern of genetic drift shared between modern groups, ancient populations, and GPH, respectively. Different colors represent different levels of f₃ values. See Additional file 1: Figs. S2b and S4 for more details. c, d We conducted admixture-f₃ statistics of the form f₃ (modern reference population1/ancient reference population1, modern reference population2/ancient reference population2; GPH), and the top 30 were respectively shown in c and d after filtering. Red represents Z values that are significant, and green represents Z values that are not significant