Fig. 1

The abundance of Lactobacillus is significantly decreased in the midgut and significantly increased in hemolymph when larvae transition from the feeding to wandering stage. A Venn diagram of bacterial genus abundance in the larval midgut. Midguts were collected from sixth-instar larvae at 24 h PE (feeding) and 72 h PE (wandering). B Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of bacterial communities from the midgut based on genus level. C Relative abundance (%) of bacterial genera between the feeding and wandering stages. D, E Quantification of midgut Lactobacillus (D) and hemolymph Lactobacillus (E) in the feeding and wandering stages. Quantification was by qPCR analysis using primers of Lactobacillus-specific 16S rRNA gene. Statistical differences were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test or Student’s t test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, and ****p < 0.0001)