Fig. 1

Contribution of the mitogenomes to maize domestication and improvement. A Neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree reconstructed using SNPs of mitogenomes between different species of Zea using Sorghum bicolor as an outgroup. Two Z. parviglumis accessions (black arrows) were clustered in a clade with CMS cytotypes. Also indicated are representative CMS-S (B37S-KP966116), CMS-T (B37T-KP966117), and CMS-C (B37C-KP966115) (red triangles) cytotypes and fertility NA type (A188-KF241980) and NB type (B73V4) (green triangles) cytotypes. Brach length scale = 0.05. B Genetic diversity based on SNPs of mitogenomes among improved lines, landraces, and Z. parviglumis. C Nucleotide diversity (π) of mitogenomes among improved lines, landraces, and Z. parviglumis. D Candidate regions of mitogenomes under domestication (brown) and improvement (light green). Dashed line indicates the ratio value of 1. E Genomic region of high-nucleotide diversity showing Mt groups of B73V4 (NB) and B37S (CMS-S). F Backcross scheme of F1(Chang7-2 × Zheng58) to the recurrent parent Zheng58. G Tassel (upper panel) and floret (lower panel) images showing male sterility occurred in the F1BC4