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Table 1 Predictions and statistical tests for effects of low-dose radiation on pale grass blue butterflies (Hiyama et al. [8])

From: Low-dose radiation, scientific scrutiny, and requirements for demonstrating effects

Analyses

Expectations

Findings

Spatial variation

If radiation was the causative agent, we should expect more abnormalities in samples from Fukushima

Increased frequency of abnormalities at Fukushima

Temporal variation

If radiation was the causative agent, we should expect fewer abnormalities in samples from the first generation not exposed to radiation compared to second and third generations

Increased frequency of abnormalities in second and third generations

Radiation experiment

If radiation was the causative agent, we should expect more abnormalities in animals exposed to internal and external radiation in the lab

Increased frequency of abnormalities following lab exposure to radiation, but not in controls

Survival rate

If radiation had negative effects, we should expect delayed growth and reduced survival

Reduced growth and survival in irradiated samples