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  1. Translation of an mRNA in eukaryotes starts at an AUG codon in most cases, but near-cognate codons (NCCs) such as UUG, ACG, and AUU can also be used as start sites at low levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Initi...

    Authors: Shardul D. Kulkarni, Fujun Zhou, Neelam Dabas Sen, Hongen Zhang, Alan G. Hinnebusch and Jon R. Lorsch

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:101

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  2. Sex chromosome evolution is a dynamic process that can proceed at varying rates across lineages. For example, different chromosomes can be sex-linked between closely related species, whereas other sex chromoso...

    Authors: Richard P. Meisel, Pablo J. Delclos and Judith R. Wexler

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:100

    Content type: Research Article

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  3. Nitrogen is an essential element of life, and nitrogen availability often limits crop yields. Since the Green Revolution, massive amounts of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers have been produced from atmospheric n...

    Authors: Vânia C. S. Pankievicz, Thomas B. Irving, Lucas G. S. Maia and Jean-Michel Ané

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:99

    Content type: Review

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  5. Cellular functions can be regulated by cell-cell interactions that are influenced by extra-cellular, density-dependent signaling factors. Dictyostelium grow as individual cells in nutrient-rich sources, but, as n...

    Authors: Netra Pal Meena, Pundrik Jaiswal, Fu-Sheng Chang, Joseph Brzostowski and Alan R. Kimmel

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:97

    Content type: Research article

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  6. More than 80% of all animal species remain unknown to science. Most of these species live in the tropics and belong to animal taxa that combine small body size with high specimen abundance and large species ri...

    Authors: Amrita Srivathsan, Emily Hartop, Jayanthi Puniamoorthy, Wan Ting Lee, Sujatha Narayanan Kutty, Olavi Kurina and Rudolf Meier

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:96

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Optogenetic silencing techniques have expanded the causal understanding of the functions of diverse neuronal cell types in both the healthy and diseased brain. A widely used inhibitory optogenetic actuator is eNp

    Authors: Chuanqiang Zhang, Shang Yang, Tom Flossmann, Shiqiang Gao, Otto W. Witte, Georg Nagel, Knut Holthoff and Knut Kirmse

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:95

    Content type: Methodology article

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  8. Management of blood cholesterol is a major focus of efforts to prevent cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate how the gut microbiota affects host cholesterol homeostasis at the...

    Authors: Tiphaine Le Roy, Emelyne Lécuyer, Benoit Chassaing, Moez Rhimi, Marie Lhomme, Samira Boudebbouze, Farid Ichou, Júlia Haro Barceló, Thierry Huby, Maryse Guerin, Philippe Giral, Emmanuelle Maguin, Nathalie Kapel, Philippe Gérard, Karine Clément and Philippe Lesnik

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:94

    Content type: Research article

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  9. Cathepsin L and some other cathepsins have been implicated in the development of obesity in humans and mice. The functional inactivation of the proteases reduces fat accumulation during mammalian adipocyte dif...

    Authors: Yan Lin, Bin Bao, Hao Yin, Xin Wang, Airong Feng, Lin Zhao, Xianqi Nie, Nan Yang, Guo-Ping Shi and Jian Liu

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:93

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Cultivated hexaploid oat (Common oat; Avena sativa) has held a significant place within the global crop community for centuries; although its cultivation has decreased over the past century, its nutritional benef...

    Authors: Peter J. Maughan, Rebekah Lee, Rachel Walstead, Robert J. Vickerstaff, Melissa C. Fogarty, Cory R. Brouwer, Robert R. Reid, Jeremy J. Jay, Wubishet A. Bekele, Eric W. Jackson, Nicholas A. Tinker, Tim Langdon, Jessica A. Schlueter and Eric N. Jellen

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:92

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Symbiotic relationships between microbes and their hosts are widespread and diverse, often providing protection or nutrients, and may be either obligate or facultative. However, the genetic mechanisms allowing...

    Authors: Yuanning Li, Michael G. Tassia, Damien S. Waits, Viktoria E. Bogantes, Kyle T. David and Kenneth M. Halanych

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:91

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Cardiac differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells provides a unique opportunity to study human heart development in vitro and offers a potential cell source for cardiac regeneration. Compared to the la...

    Authors: Hang Ruan, Yingnan Liao, Zongna Ren, Lin Mao, Fang Yao, Peng Yu, Youqiong Ye, Zhao Zhang, Shengli Li, Hanshi Xu, Jiewei Liu, Lixia Diao, Bingying Zhou, Leng Han and Li Wang

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:89

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Aspergillus spp. comprises a very diverse group of lower eukaryotes with a high relevance for industrial applications and clinical implications. These multinucleate species are often cultured for many generations...

    Authors: Isidro Álvarez-Escribano, Christoph Sasse, Jin Woo Bok, Hyunsoo Na, Mojgan Amirebrahimi, Anna Lipzen, Wendy Schackwitz, Joel Martin, Kerrie Barry, Gabriel Gutiérrez, Sara Cea-Sánchez, Ana T. Marcos, Igor V. Grigoriev, Nancy P. Keller, Gerhard H. Braus and David Cánovas

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:88

    Content type: Research article

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  15. The human upper respiratory tract (URT) offers a variety of niches for microbial colonization. Local microbial communities are shaped by the different characteristics of the specific location within the URT, b...

    Authors: Christina Kumpitsch, Kaisa Koskinen, Veronika Schöpf and Christine Moissl-Eichinger

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:87

    Content type: Review

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  16. The sperm protein IZUMO1 (Izumo sperm-egg fusion 1) and its recently identified binding partner on the oolemma, IZUMO1R, are among the first ligand-receptor pairs shown to be essential for gamete recognition a...

    Authors: Avinash S. Gaikwad, Amanda L. Anderson, D. Jo Merriner, Anne E. O’Connor, Brendan J. Houston, R. John Aitken, Moira K. O’Bryan and Brett Nixon

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:86

    Content type: Research article

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  17. In the online version of the article [1], Figure S1 was mistakenly replaced with Figure 1.

    Authors: Yi Shen, Hod Dana, Ahmed S. Abdelfattah, Ronak Patel, Jamien Shea, Rosana S. Molina, Bijal Rawal, Vladimir Rancic, Yu-Fen Chang, Lanshi Wu, Yingche Chen, Yong Qian, Matthew D. Wiens, Nathan Hambleton, Klaus Ballanyi, Thomas E. Hughes…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:85

    Content type: Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Biology 2018 16:9

  18. The human gut harbors a complex ecosystem of microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. With the rise of next-generation sequencing technologies, we have seen a quantum leap in the study of human-gut-inha...

    Authors: Sanzhima Garmaeva, Trishla Sinha, Alexander Kurilshikov, Jingyuan Fu, Cisca Wijmenga and Alexandra Zhernakova

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:84

    Content type: Review

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  21. During early development, patterns of cell division—embryonic cleavage—accompany the gradual restriction of blastomeres to specific cell fates. In Spiralia, which include annelids, mollusks, and flatworms, “sp...

    Authors: Pavel Vopalensky, Maria Antonietta Tosches, Kaia Achim, Mette Handberg-Thorsager and Detlev Arendt

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:81

    Content type: Research article

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  22. The ability to regenerate is a widely distributed but highly variable trait among metazoans. A variety of modes of regeneration has been described for different organisms; however, many questions regarding the...

    Authors: Julia Ramon-Mateu, S. Tori Ellison, Thomas E. Angelini and Mark Q. Martindale

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:80

    Content type: Research article

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  23. Bacterial cells have long been thought to be simple cells with little spatial organization, but recent research has shown that they exhibit a remarkable degree of subcellular differentiation. Indeed, bacteria ...

    Authors: Henning Kirst and Cheryl A. Kerfeld

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:79

    Content type: Question and Answer

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  24. The oosome is the germline determinant in the wasp Nasonia vitripennis and is homologous to the polar granules of Drosophila. Despite a common evolutionary origin and developmental role, the oosome is morphologic...

    Authors: Honghu Quan, Deanna Arsala and Jeremy A. Lynch

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:78

    Content type: Research article

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  26. The selection pressure exercised by antibiotic drugs is an important consideration for the wise stewardship of antimicrobial treatment programs. Treatment decisions are currently based on crude assumptions, an...

    Authors: Matthias Willmann, Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild, Lena M. Biehl, Wichard Vogel, Daniela Dörfel, Axel Hamprecht, Harald Seifert, Ingo B. Autenrieth and Silke Peter

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:76

    Content type: Research article

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  27. Cassava is an important food crop in tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide. In Africa, cassava production is widely affected by cassava mosaic disease (CMD), which is caused by the African cassava mosaic...

    Authors: Joel-E. Kuon, Weihong Qi, Pascal Schläpfer, Matthias Hirsch-Hoffmann, Philipp Rogalla von Bieberstein, Andrea Patrignani, Lucy Poveda, Stefan Grob, Miyako Keller, Rie Shimizu-Inatsugi, Ueli Grossniklaus, Hervé Vanderschuren and Wilhelm Gruissem

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:75

    Content type: Research article

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  28. In mammals, cold exposure induces browning of white adipose tissue (WAT) and alters WAT gene expression and lipid metabolism to boost adaptive thermogenesis and maintain body temperature. Understanding the lip...

    Authors: Ziye Xu, Wenjing You, Yanbing Zhou, Wentao Chen, Yizhen Wang and Tizhong Shan

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:74

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  29. Spindle microtubule organization, regulated by microtubule-associated proteins, is critical for cell division. Proper organization of kinetochore fiber (K-fiber), connecting spindle poles and kinetochores, is ...

    Authors: Haining Zhou, Tao Zheng, Tianning Wang, Qi Li, Fulin Wang, Xin Liang, Jianguo Chen and Junlin Teng

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:73

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  30. Microbial contamination poses a major difficulty for successful data analysis in biological and biomedical research. Computational approaches utilizing next-generation sequencing (NGS) data offer promising dia...

    Authors: Sung-Joon Park, Satoru Onizuka, Masahide Seki, Yutaka Suzuki, Takanori Iwata and Kenta Nakai

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:72

    Content type: Methodology article

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  31. As a “holy grail” of neuroscience, optical imaging of membrane potential could enable high resolution measurements of spiking and synaptic activity in neuronal populations. This has been partly achieved using ...

    Authors: Yuki Bando, Christiane Grimm, Victor H Cornejo and Rafael Yuste

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:71

    Content type: Review

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  32. Strigolactones (SLs) are an important class of carotenoid-derived signalling molecule in plants, which function both as exogenous signals in the rhizosphere and as endogenous plant hormones. In flowering plant...

    Authors: Catriona H. Walker, Karen Siu-Ting, Alysha Taylor, Mary J. O’Connell and Tom Bennett

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:70

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  33. The planetary sulfur cycle is a complex web of chemical reactions that can be microbial-mediated or can occur spontaneously in the environment, depending on the temperature and pH. Inorganic sulfur compounds c...

    Authors: Charlotte D. Vavourakis, Maliheh Mehrshad, Cherel Balkema, Rutger van Hall, Adrian-Ştefan Andrei, Rohit Ghai, Dimitry Y. Sorokin and Gerard Muyzer

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:69

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  34. The functional annotation of genomes, including chromatin accessibility and modifications, is important for understanding and effectively utilizing the increased amount of genome sequences reported. However, w...

    Authors: Lingzhao Fang, Shuli Liu, Mei Liu, Xiaolong Kang, Shudai Lin, Bingjie Li, Erin E. Connor, Ransom L. Baldwin VI, Albert Tenesa, Li Ma, George E. Liu and Cong-jun Li

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:68

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  35. Arthropod eyes have diversified during evolution to serve multiple needs, such as finding mates, hunting prey and navigating in complex surroundings under varying light conditions. This diversity is reflected ...

    Authors: Ana Patricia Ramos, Ola Gustafsson, Nicolas Labert, Iris Salecker, Dan-Eric Nilsson and Michalis Averof

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:67

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels have traditionally been considered a trademark of excitable cells. However, recent studies have shown the presence of Nav channels in several non-excitable cells, such as astro...

    Authors: Julia K. Johansson, Viivi I. Karema-Jokinen, Satu Hakanen, Antti Jylhä, Hannu Uusitalo, Maija Vihinen-Ranta, Heli Skottman, Teemu O. Ihalainen and Soile Nymark

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:63

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  37. We describe a new approach to the recovery of information from faecal samples, based on the analysis of the molecular signature generated by rapid evaporative ionisation mass spectrometry (REIMS).

    Authors: Nicola B. Davidson, Natalie I. Koch, Joscelyn Sarsby, Emrys Jones, Jane L. Hurst and Robert J. Beynon

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:66

    Content type: Methodology article

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  38. Effective disease management depends on timely and accurate diagnosis to guide control measures. The capacity to distinguish between individuals in a pathogen population with specific properties such as fungic...

    Authors: Guru V. Radhakrishnan, Nicola M. Cook, Vanessa Bueno-Sancho, Clare M. Lewis, Antoine Persoons, Abel Debebe Mitiku, Matthew Heaton, Phoebe E. Davey, Bekele Abeyo, Yoseph Alemayehu, Ayele Badebo, Marla Barnett, Ruth Bryant, Jeron Chatelain, Xianming Chen, Suomeng Dong…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:65

    Content type: Methodology article

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  39. Cell-free systems (CFS) have recently evolved into key platforms for synthetic biology applications. Many synthetic biology tools have traditionally relied on cell-based systems, and while their adoption has s...

    Authors: Aidan Tinafar, Katariina Jaenes and Keith Pardee

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:64

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  40. Vasopressin/oxytocin (VP/OT)-type neuropeptides are well known for their roles as regulators of diuresis, reproductive physiology and social behaviour. However, our knowledge of their functions is largely base...

    Authors: Esther A. Odekunle, Dean C. Semmens, Nataly Martynyuk, Ana B. Tinoco, Abdullah K. Garewal, Radhika R. Patel, Liisa M. Blowes, Meet Zandawala, Jérôme Delroisse, Susan E. Slade, James H. Scrivens, Michaela Egertová and Maurice R. Elphick

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:60

    Content type: Research article

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  42. FoxH1 is a forkhead transcription factor with conserved key functions in vertebrate mesoderm induction and left-right patterning downstream of the TGF-beta/Nodal signaling pathway. Binding of the forkhead doma...

    Authors: Patrick Fischer, Hao Chen, Frederic Pacho, Dietmar Rieder, Robin A. Kimmel and Dirk Meyer

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:61

    Content type: Research article

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  43. This review discusses the current state of the viral metabolism field and gaps in knowledge that will be important for future studies to investigate. We discuss metabolic rewiring caused by viruses, the influe...

    Authors: Shivani K. Thaker, James Ch’ng and Heather R. Christofk

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:59

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  47. The spatial organization of the mammalian genome relies upon the formation of chromatin domains of various scales. At the level of gene regulation in cis, collections of enhancer sequences define large regulatory...

    Authors: Eddie Rodríguez-Carballo, Lucille Lopez-Delisle, Nayuta Yakushiji-Kaminatsui, Asier Ullate-Agote and Denis Duboule

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:55

    Content type: Research article

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  48. Most cancer patients die due to metastasis formation. Therefore, understanding, preventing, and treating metastatic cancers is an unmet need. Recent research indicates that cancer cells that undergo metastasis...

    Authors: Sarah-Maria Fendt

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:54

    Content type: Question and Answer

    Published on:

  49. Perturbed mitochondrial bioenergetics constitute a core pillar of cancer-associated metabolic dysfunction. While mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer may result from myriad biochemical causes, a historically ne...

    Authors: Payam A. Gammage and Christian Frezza

    Citation: BMC Biology 2019 17:53

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

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