Table 2 Genes and primers used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to detect reproductive parasites and control DNA quality

Arthropods

18S rDNA

NSF4/18 – CTGGTTGATYCTGCCAGT *

54°C

Any arthropod

400–450 bp

[72, 73]

NSR399/19 – TCTCAGGCTCCYTCTCCGG *

Rickettsia sp.

17-kDa

R1 – GCTCTTGCAACTTCTATGTT *

54°C

Adalia decempunctata

434 bp

[67]

R2 – CATTGTTCGTCAGGTTGGCG *

Wolbachia pipientis

16S rDNA

16Swolb76-99f – TTGTAGCCTGCTATGGTATAACT *

54°C

Culex pipiens

896 bp

[74]

16Swolb1012-994r – GAATAGGTATGATTTTCATGA *

wsp

81F – TGGTCCAATAAGTGATGAAGAAAC

50°C

81F/522R: Aedes albopictus – wAlbB

442 bp

[75]

136F – TGAAATTTTACCTCTTTTC

172F/691R: Aedes albopictus – wAlbA

514 bp

172F – ACCTATAAGAAAGACAAG

81F/484R: Protocalliphora sp. – wA2

380 bp

484R – TTTGATCATTCACAGCGT

136F/691R: Protocalliphora sp. – wA1

516 bp

522R – ACCAGCTTTTGCTTGATA

691R – AAAAATTAAACGCTACTCCA

Arsenophonus nasoniae

16S rDNA

ArsF – GGGTTGTAAAGTACTTTCAGTCGT *

52°C

ArsF, ArsF3/ArsR2, ArsR3: Nasonia vitripennis

581–804 bp

This study

ArsF2 – CCCTAAGCTTAACTTAGGA *

ArsF2/ArsR2: Polistes nympha

612 bp

ArsF3 – GTCGTGAGGAARGTGTTARGGTT *

ArsR2 – GTAGCCCTRCTCGTAAGGGCC *

ArsR3 – CCTYTATCTCTAAAGGMTTCGCTGGATG *

Cardinium hertigii

16S rDNA

CLO-f1 – GGAACCTTACCTGGGCTAGAATGTATT *

54°C

Holocnemus pluchei

CLO-f1/CLO-r1: 466 bp

[13]

CLO-r1 – GCCACTGTCTTCAAGCTCTACCAAC *

ChF/CLO-r1: 953 bp

ChF – TACTGTAAGAATAAGCACCGGC

[12]

Flavobacterium sp.

16S rDNA

FlavF – CGAATAAGTRTCGGCAAACTCCG *

52°C

Coleomegilla maculata

530 bp

This study

FlavR – CTAAACTRTTTCYAGCTTATTCG *

Spiroplasma ixodetis

16S rDNA

SpixoF – TTAGGGGCTCAACCCCTAACC *

52°C

Adalia bipunctata

810 bp

This study

SpixoR – TCTGGCATTGCCAACTCTC *

S. poulsonii

16S rDNA

SpoulF – GCTTAACTCCAGTTCGCC *

55°C

Drosophila melanogaster

421 bp

[42]

SpoulR – CCTGTCTCAATGTTAACCTC *