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Table 1 Details of toll-like receptors (TLRs) stimulated in cellular assays.

From: Immunomodulatory parasites and toll-like receptor-mediated tumour necrosis factor alpha responsiveness in wild mammals

Receptor

Site of expression

Agonists

TLR2

Cell surface

Fungal zymosan (10 μg/ml)

  

Heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (0.6 × 108 cells/ml)

TLR4

Cell surface

Escherichia coli K12 lipopolysaccharide (3 μg/ml)

TLR5

Cell surface

Salmonella typhimurium flagellin (0.6 μg/ml)

TLR7

Endosomal

Imiquimod (1.5 μg/ml)

TLR9

Endosomal

Oligonucleotide ODN2006 (6 μg/ml)