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Figure 2 | BMC Biology

Figure 2

From: Early calcium increase triggers the formation of olfactory long-term memory in honeybees

Figure 2

Caffeine induces a transient Ca 2+ increase in the honeybee brain. Relative fluorescence changes (% ΔF/F0) in the antennal lobe (AL) after an application of 10 μl of 20 mM caffeine (n = 10) or saline (n = 7) 10 min after the start of the recording (black arrow) and during 50 minutes. Between 10 and 24 min after caffeine application, the % ΔF/F0 recorded for the caffeine animals is significantly higher than for the control animals. (*: P < 0.05, t-test). Note that the drop in fluorescence observed in the saline recording is due to a change in the volume of solution between brain and objective.

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