Figure 4

Influenza A data analysis. (a) Most probable evolutionary tree relating 69 hemagglutinin sequences from human influenza A. Branch coloring indicates inferred rates of nucleotide substitution, with blue denoting the slowest rates and red the fastest. (b) Rate heterogeneity of hemagglutinin sequence evolution over time. The plot traces the marginal distribution of relative substitution rates across time. White indicates low posterior density, and yellow/red indicates high density. The estimated rates are higher towards the present, with a notable jump in rate approximately six and ten years before the last sequence sample.