Fig. 5.

Traffic control of cancer cell evolution. Red: Stop it before it gets started: prophylactic intervention (e.g. HPV vaccines) or prudent avoidance (e.g. cigarette tar, UBV). Red + amber: Catch it early: by surveillance of populations or at risk individuals and early intervention by surgery or radiotherapy. Green: The cancer has already escaped. Employ therapeutic strategies to finesse or restrain continued growth and drug resistance. In situ refers to tumours confined to primary tissue site. Mets metastatic lesions – cancers disseminated to ectopic tissue sites, e.g. breast to brain, prostate to bone. Adapted from author’s reference [10]