Fig. 11

Example of embedded, paired comparison within the Israeli gray wolf (C. lupus) cranial skeletal anatomy data, including within-sex group (vertical arrows) and between-sex group (horizontal and diagonal arrows) orientations. The existence of a multitude of paired comparisons such as these, if they are used as the basis for a morphological assessment of within-group similarity and between-group difference, can, in many instances, counteract the effect of inherently small sample sizes. However, in order to be a valid model of population differences, care must be taken either to obtain a representative sample of morphological variation or to be circumspect in interpreting the results of data analyses