Fig. 5

Dynamics of LT toxin production in different gastrointestinal regions of the TIM-1 and M-SHIME. Results were determined by GM1 ELISA. LT toxin production was expressed as mean pg mL⁻¹ ± SD of a four independent replicates in the gastric and ileal effluents of the TIM-1 and b six different donors (denoted by the different shapes) in the luminal ileum and ascending colon of the M-SHIME. The horizontal black dashed line represents the detection limit. Statistically significant differences in LT toxin production over time compared to the initial inoculum (T0) are denoted at p < 0.05 (*), as determined by the Friedman post hoc Nemenyi test