Fig. 1

Increased expression of transposable elements in mutation accumulation lines. a Diagram of the mutation accumulation (MA) experimental design with different population sizes. b Overall transposable element expression in MA lines as a function of population size. Boxplots in all figures presented show the median and the interquartile range with the error bars 1.5 times the interquartile range. Here and in all other figures, the corresponding value for the ancestral control (pre-MA) is marked by a grey line. c Expression change in individual TEs, as defined by the fold-change between N.1 lines versus N.10 and N.100 lines combined (N > 1) coloured according to family. Statistically significant changes according to Wilcoxon unpaired test p < 0.05 are illustrated in bold colours. d Expression changes in Turmoil2 elements. e Expression changes in Tc1 elements. f Total TE expression after different numbers of generations of mutation accumulation in lines with a population size of 1. g Turmoil2 expression after different numbers of generations of mutation accumulation with a population size of 1. h Tc1 expression after different numbers of generations of mutation accumulation with a population size of 1