Fig. 1

Overview of the karyotype, BUSCO assembly assessment, and repeat composition across four chromosomal races of the viatica species group. a Karyotypes of the four chromosomal races. Chromosomes are aligned based on centromere position. Only haploid sets of chromosomes in males are shown. Two independent emergences of neo-XY sex chromosomes via fusions between the ancestral X chromosome (red) and one of the autosomes (black) are highlighted. b BUSCO completeness assessment for genome assembly quality control. Color-coded bar plot showing the proportions of BUSCO genes classified as complete, complete single-copy, complete duplicated, fragmented, and missing. c, d Color-coded bar plot illustrating the proportions of major TE groups, unclassified repeats, tandem repeats (TRs), and non-repetitive regions detected in the assembled genomes (c) and in the sequenced reads (d). The major TE groups included manually curated RepeatModeler consensus sequences and Helitrons identified by HelitronScanner