Fig. 5

Phylogenetic covariance between harmfulness of male genital morphology and PO activity in virgin male and female seed beetles. a Female PO activity and the harmfulness of male genitalia mapped on the phylogeny of the 12 species used. Scores are given by colour from blue (high harm/PO) to red (low harm/PO). Lower panels show correlations across species between male harmfulness and male (blue open) and female (red closed) PO activity, shown as b raw tip data and c phylogenetic independent contrasts (PICs). Standard errors around each species’ mean were typically of the magnitude ~ 0.02 for male and female PO activity, and ~ 0.6 for male genital morphology. The y-axes of b and c are scaled to have the same range. Species codes represent robi = Amblycerus robinae; subf = Zabrotes subfasciatus; obte = Acanthoscelides obtectus; atro = Bruchidius atrolineatus; dich = Bruchidius dichrostachydis; tonk = Megabruchidius tonkineus; dors = Megabruchidius dorsalis; phas = Callosobruchus phaseoli; chin = Callosobruchus chinensis; subi = Callosobruchus subinnotatus; macu = Callosobruchus maculatus; anal = Callosobruchus analis