Fig. 5

Examples for novel gene functions detected in Tribolium but not known from Drosophila. A Anterior part of a wildtype cuticle with head, thorax, and anterior abdomen. B In iB_03355 knock-down embryos, dorso-ventral patterning was disturbed such that the embryo has turned inside out, i.e. the legs and the head are located inside the trunk cuticle instead of outside. C In iB_04199 knock-down, anterior epidermal patterning was disrupted to different degrees. In mild phenotypes, just the most anterior part, the labrum, was affected (not shown), intermediate phenotypes lacked head and parts of the thorax (shown) and in strong phenotypes, only cuticle crumbs remained. D In the transgenic strain pBA19, the muscles are marked with EGFP. They are visible in vivo as elongated structures with a segmentally repeated pattern. E In iB_01159 (Tc-Unc-76 ) knock-down, the muscles were partially missing or detached such that some muscles adopted a rounded shape. F In wildtype ovaries, the nurse cells are located in the tropharium forming an elongated structure (marked by a white line). The first part of the vitellarium is marked by active cell division (marked here by phospho-histone 3 staining, PH3) and along the entire vitellarium, the oocytes increase in size (compare stars). G In iB_10431 knock-down ovaries, the tropharia were normal (white line) but no oocytes developed. The white structure is not part of the ovaries. Anterior is to the top in A–E, the pictures of the phenotypes are modified from iBeetle-Base. Scale bars are 100 μm