Fig. 3

Effect of shift work on cardiac gene expression. A, B Number of differentially expressed genes between C, W, and WRF groups (A), and description of the significant effects between groups after Mann-Whitney U test post hoc analysis (B). Genes were considered differentially expressed between groups if q value ≤ 0.05. Categories of statistically significant differential gene expression are illustrated by bar graphs with the total number of genes written above for each category. Groups with different letters are significantly different. The majority of the differentially expressed genes were either upregulated (n = 808) or downregulated (n = 67) in WRF compared to C and W. C Heatmap of standardized gene expression for genes upregulated or downregulated in WRF rats. The 18 animals used for each paradigm are sorted by the time of euthanasia. Higher levels of gene expression are displayed in yellow. D Gene Ontology and KEGG pathways analysis of genes being significantly upregulated in the heart of WRF rats (n = 808). E, F Left: Illustration of the 80S ribosome (E) and 26S proteasome (F), with upregulated genes in WRF rats vs. C and W rats being displayed in red. Genes whose expression is unaffected are displayed in gray. Right: expression profiles of ribosomal genes (E) and proteasomal genes (F) being upregulated in WRF rats. Each dot represents individual fpkm values. Groups with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test)