Fig. 1

Transcriptional regulation of the young genes. A A violin plot showing the expression of old and young genes. The expression of genes in transcript per million (TPM) was log10-transformed before plotting. The statistical significance of the difference was calculated using the Mann-Whitney test. B A line plot showing normalized coverage of FAIRE-seq reads around the transcription start site (TSS) of old (PS1) and young (PS19) genes. C A bar plot was drawn to show the enrichment of FAIRE-seq peaks at either the TSS-proximal (up to 1.5 kb upstream of TSS), TSS-distal (> − 1.5 kb from TSS), or both (FAIRE-seq peak present at TSS-proximal as well as TSS-distal intergenic regions) of old and young genes. Enrichment was higher than background (expected) and was calculated as the total percentage of genes present in the old or young gene categories. D An area proportional Venn diagram showing the overlap of FAIRE-seq-identified open chromatin regions and STARR-seq-identified enhancers. E A bar plot was drawn to show enrichment of enhancers at the TSS-proximal (up to 1.5 kb upstream of TSS) and TSS-distal (> − 1.5 kb from TSS) regions of old and young genes. The enrichment was seen over the background (expected), calculated as the total percentage of enhancers present in the old or young gene categories. F A box plot showing the association of STARR-seq-identified enhancers with the age of genes. Enhancer is characterized as TSS-distal if it is present > 1.5 kb upstream of the TSS, whereas TSS-proximal enhancers are located within 1.5 kb upstream of TSS. If an enhancer is present at any part of the gene body, then it is characterized as a gene body enhancer. The age of the nearest gene is plotted at the Y-axis, where phylostratum 1 denotes the oldest and phylostratum 19 denotes the youngest class of genes