Fig. 2

Rnf133 KO males and Rnf133/Rnf148 DKO males show severe subfertility. A Average litter sizes from natural mating (left), pregnancy rate from timed-control mating (second from left), and average pups/copulation plug from timed-control mating (third from left) of Rnf133 heterozygous (HET) and homozygous knock out (KO). Right: Average litter sizes from natural mating of Rnf133/Rnf148 double HET (DHET) and Rnf133/Rnf148 double KO (DKO) males. Litter size was measured by the number of pups. n ≥ 3 mice/genotype. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Individual data values for each replicate are provided in Additional file 18: Raw data. B Average weight and gross images of testis from Rnf133 HET and KO male mice. n = 6 mice/genotype. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Scale bar = 5 mm. C (i, ii, iii, and iv) Representative periodic acid-Schiff staining testes from Rnf133 HET, KO, Rnf133/Rnf148 DHET, and DKO male mice. Scale bar = 200 μm. (i’, ii’, iii’, and iv’) Representative periodic acid-Schiff staining testes seminiferous tubules at stage IX from testes of Rnf133 HET, KO, Rnf133/Rnf148 DHET, and DKO male mice. The magnified images are shown in black squares on (i, ii, iii, and iv) respectively. Scale bar = 20 μm. Black arrows indicate retained sperm nuclei surrounded by excess cytoplasm. This experiment was replicated with three mice per genotype