Table 1 Fixed-effects panel regression results. Dependent variable is the log number of citations per paper, and the “specialization” variable is standardized. Standard errors are in parentheses. All control variables described in the text are included. Based on 29,197 unique biomedical researchers for a total of 213,019 researcher—time window observations

Specialization

0.257***

0.361***

0.444***

0.732***

(0.003)

(0.004)

(0.006)

(0.010)

Specialization × career age

− 0.007***

− 0.022***

Specialization × papers

− 0.061***

− 0.096***

Career age × papers

0.015***

Specialization × career age × papers

0.003***

Cosine similarity

− 0.404***

− 0.409***

− 0.437***

− 0.416***

(0.013)

(0.012)

(0.012)

(0.012)

Control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Year fixed-effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Researcher fixed-effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes