Fig. 5

Genomic variation and population structure in the 164 pear accessions used for genome-wide association analysis. A Distribution of the positions of the 29,269 high-quality SNPs used in the GWAS on the 17 pear chromosomes. The color scale to the right indicates the numbers of SNPs within a 1-Mb window. Red indicates a high density of SNPs within a 1-Mb window, while green indicates a low density of SNPs within a 1-Mb window. B The percentages of SNPs that mapped to four different genomic regions, including intergenic regions, protein-coding regions, upstream regions, and downstream regions. C Population structure analysis of the 164 pear accessions at K = 2–5. D PCA analysis of the 164 pear accessions. E Unrooted neighbor-joining tree of the 164 pear accessions. Group I (mostly European pears) is shown in light blue, and group II (mostly Asian pears) is shown in red