Fig. 7

A scenario of the Maculipennis Group migration through the Bering Land Bridge. This scenario is supported by the existence of the land connection between Alaska and Chukotka at the time of mosquito migration and the split between An. beklemishevi and the rest of the Maculipennis Subgroup around 20.7 Mya. The last large glaciation (shown in light gray color) explains why the Maculipennis mosquitoes are not present in the Far East. Letters A0, A1, A2, and A3 in red circles represent hypothetical ancestral species for the phylogenetic clades. Species entering complete diapause with large lipid reserves are shown in blue ovals. The scheme does not reflect the actual extent of species distribution