Fig. 3

AS1 can reverse the valence of other sensory modalities. A Chemical attraction/aversion assay. When the experimental agarose is infused with 2% DMSO (dashed lines) both vehicle- and 5 μM AS1-treated fish demonstrate no preference for either end of the square chamber. When AITC (100 mM) is infused into the agarose (solid lines), the vehicle-treated fish are repelled by the agarose whereas the AS1-treated fish are attracted to the stimulus. N = 25 fish per condition. B The distance of each individual larva from the agarose at the final time point (t = 800 s) in A. In experiments with plain agarose, both AS1 and vehicle-treated fish are dispersed evenly throughout the arena. In experiments with AITC-infused agarose, vehicle-treated larval zebrafish are found significantly farther from the agarose while AS1-treated fish are clustered close to the AITC source. C AITC aversion assay assessing multiple concentrations of AS1. Fish exposed to low concentrations of AS1 (e.g., 1 μM) continue to avoid the AITC source, whereas fish exposed to a higher concentrations swim towards the AITC source. N = 83 larvae for DMSO, 42 for 1 μM, 33 for 2.5 μM, and 37 for 5 μM AS1. D Average percentage of fish on the light side of an arena in the phototaxis (light/dark preference) assay at 30-s intervals during a 4-minute trial period. Vehicle-treated fish strongly prefer (i.e., quickly swim towards) the light half of the arena, whereas fish treated with 2.5 μM AS1 quickly navigate towards the dark. N = 40 larvae per condition. E Same experiment as in D, but showing the percentage of fish found on the light side of the arena for the last 2 min of each 4-minute trial, averaged across the last four trials. While fish treated with vehicle and 1 μM AS1 significantly prefer the light side of the arena, fish treated with 2.5 μM significantly prefer the dark. F Gradient phototaxis assay in which larval zebrafish were given the choice between a bright white background (shade 1) and increasingly darker shades (shades 2–7). While all groups of DMSO-treated fish significantly prefer the light side and 2.5 μM AS1-treated fish significantly prefer the dark side, as the intensity of darkness increases, control zebrafish increasingly prefer shade 1, whereas 2.5 μM AS1-treated zebrafish increasingly prefer the contrasting dark shade. N = 72 for DMSO and 81 for AS1 (1v2), 73 for DMSO and 78 for AS1 (1v3), 80 for DMSO and 70 for AS1 (1v4), 79 for DMSO and 79 for AS1 (1v5), 79 for DMSO and 77 for AS1 (1v6), 76 for DMSO and 77 for AS1 (1v7). * represents significant difference from the DMSO 1v2 condition, whereas # represents significant difference from the AS1 1v2 condition. */^# p < 0.05, **/^## p < 0.01, ***/^### p < 0.001. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test was performed in B, E. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test was performed in C, D, F. For all temperature and light/dark choice experiments, a one-sample t test was performed with a hypothetical mean of 50% to determine if fish were significantly choosing one side of the arena