Fig. 3.

Validation of candidate resistance genes. qRT-PCR profile of twelve metabolic resistance genes (in R-S and C-S comparisons) from the Sahelian An. coluzzii. Each bar (data point) is analysis from three biological replicates and three technical replicates for each gene, with error bars representing standard deviations. Significant differences are also indicated with the symbols ϯ, Ϯ, † and ‡, for p < 0.0001, p < 0.001, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively