Fig. 2
From: Global patterns of genomic and phenotypic variation in the invasive harlequin ladybird
Global geographic location and genetic population structure of Harmonia axyridis sample populations divided into four major groups (super-populations) represented by colors of purple for the west China (WCN), red for the east China (ECN), blue for the Europe (EUR), and green for the America (AME). a Global distribution of all sampled populations, see Additional file 1: Table S10 for detailed information about ladybird samples collected across the world. b A biplot of the first two principle components obtained from the principal component analysis of all sampled populations clustered into four major groups. c Genetic diversity (π) and differentiation (FST) across major groups, with the radius of a circle proportional to the genetic diversity and the length of connecting dashed line to the FST value between two groups. d Comparison of individual heterozygosity rates between the major groups, see additional file 1: Table S4 for detailed information about the heterozygosity rate. e A phylogenetic tree of all sampled populations, with Agrilus planipennis as the outgroup and WCN group as the closest to the outgroup. f Map of the structure (K = 2 and 3) matching the phylogenetic tree, with different colors representing the components from the respective major groups in each sample population