Fig. 3
From: Costs of reproduction are present but latent in eusocial bumblebee queens
Queen longevity and worker aggression for experimental Bombus terrestris queens/colonies. a Survivorship of R (eggs removed; N = 24) and C (eggs removed and replaced; N = 22) queens; b Longevity (days from start of experiment) of R (eggs removed; N = 24) and C (eggs removed and replaced; N = 22) queens. Black horizontal bars: medians; boxes: interquartile ranges; whiskers: 1.5 × interquartile range. ** p < 0.01. In a and b, R queens had significantly reduced survivorship/longevity relative to C queens (see ‘Results’); c Observed worker-to-queen aggression over time (recorded every 4 days during 10-min observations) in R (eggs removed; N = 36 on day 1 and N = 1 on day 134) and C (eggs removed and replaced; N = 35 on day 1 and N = 1 on day 148) colonies. Daily sample sizes are in Additional file 2: Table S23. Points are offset around each integral value on the Y axis. There was no significant difference in observed worker-to-queen aggression between R and C colonies (see ‘Results’)