Fig. 3

Genomic regions with strong selective signals in the genome of Dipus sowerbyi from the high-altitude desert environment. Distribution of the A fixation indices (F_ST) and B π-ratio values calculated in 100-kb sliding windows with 50-kb steps. The horizontal blue lines above the figure represent the top 5% threshold with A F_ST > 0.51 and B π-ratio > 3.51. The candidate genes shown in A and B are closely related to high-altitude desert adaptation, with functions related to radiation response, hypoxia, DNA repair, and lipid homeostasis. C Distribution of log₂(π-ratios) and F_ST values calculated in 100-kb sliding windows with 50-kb increments between high-altitude desert group and the control low-altitude desert group. Data points in blue (corresponding to the top 5% of the empirical log₂(π-ratios) values and the top 5% of the empirical F_ST values) are genomic regions under selection in the high-altitude desert group. D Log₂(π-ratios) and F_ST values were calculated using VCFtools for each 50-kb sliding window with 25-kb increment around the gene ATR. E Allele frequencies of seven missense mutations within the ATR gene between the high-altitude desert group and the low-altitude desert group