Fig. 1

LF feeding deficiency during suckling period increased depressive-like behaviors of CUMS mice in adult. A Study design of mice experiment. B Percent of sucrose consumption in SPT of male mice. n = 4–6. C Percent of sucrose consumption in SPT of female mice. n = 3–6. D Immobility time in the TST of male mice. E Immobility time in the TST of female mice. F Immobility time in the FST of male mice. G Immobility time in the FST of female mice. H Trajectory map and distance in central area in OFT of male and female mice. I Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), J corticosterone (CORT), K adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), L tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). M interleukin-1β (IL-1β), N lipopolysaccharide (LPS). D-N n = 8. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons and two-tailed t test for normally distributed data, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed data, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001