Fig. 5

Effects of LF feeding deficiency during lactation on intestinal development and intestinal microorganisms in adult mice. A Body weight of four groups of adult mice. n = 8. B Small intestinal index of four groups of adult mice. n = 8. C Small intestinal density of four groups of adult mice. n = 8. D Colon length of four groups of adult mice. n = 8. E The ratio of maltase/ lactase in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of male mice. n = 6–8. F The ratio of maltase/ lactase in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of female mice. n = 5–8. G H.E stain colonic tissue sections and crypt depth of four groups of adult mice, 200 × , scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6–8. H Zo-1, Occludin mRNA expression in the colon of four groups of adult mice. n = 6–8. A-H Two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons and two-tailed t test for normally distributed data, two-tailed Mann–Whitney test for non-normally distributed data, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. I The alpha diversity analysis of four groups of adult mice, including Shannon diversity and Chao diversity, Wilcoxon rank-sum test. J PCoA analysis results of male and female adult mice and evaluated using ANOSIM. K The composition of microbial community at phylum level of four groups of adult mice. L Student’s t-test on Phylum level between WT-WT and KO-WT of male and female mice. M Linear discriminant analysis (LDA > 3) scores derived from LEfSe analysis at genus level of male and female mice. I-M n = 7–8