Runge CA, Martin TG, Possingham HP, Willis SG, Fuller RA. Conserving mobile species. Front Ecol Environ. 2014;12(7):395–402.
Google Scholar
Robinson RA, Crick HQ, Learmonth JA, Maclean IM, Thomas CD, Bairlein F, Forchhammer MC, Francis CM, Gill JA, Godley BJ. Travelling through a warming world: climate change and migratory species. Endanger Species Res. 2009;7(2):87–99.
Google Scholar
Iwamura T, Possingham HP, Chadès I, Minton C, Murray NJ, Rogers DI, Treml EA, Fuller RA. Migratory connectivity magnifies the consequences of habitat loss from sea-level rise for shorebird populations. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2013;280(1761):20130325.
Google Scholar
Law B, Dickman C. The use of habitat mosaics by terrestrial vertebrate fauna: implications for conservation and management. Biodivers Conserv. 1998;7(3):323–33.
Google Scholar
Runge C, Tulloch AI. Solving problems of conservation inadequacy for nomadic birds. Aust Zool. 2017;39(2):280–95.
Google Scholar
Jodice PG, Suryan RM. The transboundary nature of seabird ecology. In: Landscape-scale conservation planning. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. p. 139–65.
Priede IG, French J. Tracking of marine animals by satellite. Int J Remote Sens. 1991;12(4):667–80.
Google Scholar
Schofield G, Dimadi A, Fossette S, Katselidis KA, Koutsoubas D, Lilley MK, Luckman A, Pantis JD, Karagouni AD, Hays GC. Satellite tracking large numbers of individuals to infer population level dispersal and core areas for the protection of an endangered species. Divers Distrib. 2013;19(7):834–44.
Google Scholar
Hall LS, Richards G. Flying-foxes: fruit and blossom bats of Australia. Sydney: UNSW Press; 2000.
Welbergen JA. The social organisation of the grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus. PhD thesis. Cambridge: University of Cambridge; 2005.
Klose SM, Welbergen JA, Goldizen AW, Kalko EK. Spatio-temporal vigilance architecture of an Australian flying-fox colony. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2009;63(3):371–80.
Google Scholar
Lunney D, Moon C. Flying-foxes and their camps in the remnant rainforests of north-east New South Wales. Australia’s Everchanging Forests III Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies. Canberra: Australian National University; 1997. p. 247–77.
Google Scholar
Plowright RK, Foley P, Field HE, Dobson AP, Foley JE, Eby P, Daszak P. Urban habituation, ecological connectivity and epidemic dampening: the emergence of Hendra virus from flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2011;278(1725):3703–12.
Meade J, van der Ree R, Stepanian PM, Westcott DA, Welbergen JA. Using weather radar to monitor the number, timing and directions of flying-foxes emerging from their roosts. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):10222.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fahr J, Abedi-Lartey M, Esch T, Machwitz M, Suu-Ire R, Wikelski M, Dechmann DK. Pronounced seasonal changes in the movement ecology of a highly gregarious central-place forager, the African straw-coloured fruit bat (Eidolon helvum). PloS one. 2015;10(10):e0138985.
Weber N, Duengkae P, Fahr J, Dechmann DK, Phengsakul P, Khumbucha W, Siriaroonrat B, Wacharapluesadee S, Maneeorn P, Wikelski M. High-resolution GPS tracking of Lyle’s flying-fox between temples and orchards in central Thailand. J Wildl Manag. 2015;79(6):957–68.
Google Scholar
Nakamoto A, Kinjo K, Izawa M. Ranging patterns and habitat use of a solitary flying-fox (Pteropus dasymallus) on Okinawa-jima Island, Japan. Acta Chiropterologica. 2012;14(2):387–99.
Oleksy R, Racey PA, Jones G. High-resolution GPS tracking reveals habitat selection and the potential for long-distance seed dispersal by Madagascan flying-foxes Pteropus rufus. Global Ecol Conserv. 2015;3:678–92.
Banack SA, Grant GS. Spatial and temporal movement patterns of the flying-fox, Pteropus tonganus, in American Samoa. J Wildl Manag. 2002;66(4):1154–63.
Mildenstein TL, Stier SC, Nuevo-Diego C, Mills LS. Habitat selection of endangered and endemic large flying-foxes in Subic Bay, Philippines. Biol Conserv. 2005;126(1):93–102.
Google Scholar
Breed AC, Field HE, Smith CS, Edmonston J, Meers J. Bats without borders: long-distance movements and implications for disease risk management. EcoHealth. 2010;7(2):204–12.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sugita N, Inaba M, Ueda K. Roosting pattern and reproductive cycle of Bonin flying-foxes (Pteropus pselaphon). J Mammal. 2009;90(1):195–202.
Eby P. Seasonal movements of grey-headed flying-foxes, Pteropus poliocephalus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), from two maternity camps in northern New South Wales. Wildl Res. 1991;18(5):547–59.
Field HE, Smith CS, de Jong CE, Melville D, Broos A, Kung N, Thompson J, Dechmann DK. Landscape utilisation, animal behaviour and Hendra virus risk. EcoHealth. 2016;13(1):26–38.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tidemann CR, Nelson JE. Long-distance movements of the grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Zool. 2004;263(2):141–6.
Roberts BJ, Catterall CP, Eby P, Kanowski J. Long-distance and frequent movements of the flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus: implications for management. PLoS One. 2012;7(8):e42532.
Palmer C, Woinarski J. Seasonal roosts and foraging movements of the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) in the Northern Territory: resource tracking in a landscape mosaic. Wildl Res. 1999;26(6):823–38.
Spencer H, Palmer C, Parry-Jones K. Movements of fruit-bats in eastern Australia, determined by using radio-tracking. Wildl Res. 1991;18(4):463–7.
Google Scholar
Markus N, Hall L. Foraging behaviour of the black flying-fox (Pteropus alecto) in the urban landscape of Brisbane, Queensland. Wildlife Res. 2004;31(3):345–55.
Westcott DA, McKeown A. Flying-foxes and drifting continents. Invasion Biology and Ecological Theory: Insights from a Continent in Transformation. 2014;23:138–58.
Fujita MS, Tuttle MD. Flying-foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): threatened animals of key ecological and economic importance. Conserv Biol. 1991;5(4):455–63.
Google Scholar
Shilton LA, Altringham JD, Compton SG, Whittaker RJ. Old World fruit bats can be long–distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1999;266(1416):219–23.
Google Scholar
Bradshaw CJ. Little left to lose: deforestation and forest degradation in Australia since European colonization. J Plant Ecol. 2012;5(1):109–20.
Google Scholar
Nathan R, Schurr FM, Spiegel O, Steinitz O, Trakhtenbrot A, Tsoar A. Mechanisms of long-distance seed dispersal. Trends Ecol Evol. 2008;23(11):638–47.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Trakhtenbrot A, Nathan R, Perry G, Richardson DM. The importance of long-distance dispersal in biodiversity conservation. Divers Distrib. 2005;11(2):173–81.
Google Scholar
Fraser GC, Hooper PT, Lunt RA, Gould AR, Gleeson LJ, Hyatt AD, Russell GM, Kattenbelt JA. Encephalitis caused by a lyssavirus in fruit bats in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis. 1996;2(4):327.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Halpin K, Young PL, Field H, Mackenzie J. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000;81(8):1927–32.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Field H, Jordan D, Edson D, Morris S, Melville D, Parry-Jones K, Broos A, Divljan A, McMichael L, Davis R. Spatiotemporal aspects of Hendra virus infection in pteropid bats (flying-foxes) in eastern Australia. PLoS One. 2015;10(12):e0144055.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Philbey A, Kirkland P, Ross A, Field H, Srivastava M, Davis R, Love R. Infection with Menangle virus in flying-foxes (Pteropus spp.) in Australia. Aust Vet J. 2008;86(11):449–54.
Becker DJ, Washburne AD, Faust CL, Mordecai EA, Plowright RK. The problem of scale in the prediction and management of pathogen spillover. Philos Trans R Soc B. 2019;374(1782):20190224.
Google Scholar
Tait J, Perotto-Baldivieso HL, McKeown A, Westcott DA. Are flying-foxes coming to town? Urbanisation of the spectacled flying-fox (Pteropus conspicillatus) in Australia. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e109810.
Eby P, Richards G, Collins L, Parry-Jones K. The distribution, abundance and vulnerability to population reduction of a nomadic nectarivore, the grey-headed flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus in New South Wales, during a period of resource concentration. Aust Zool. 1999;31(1):240–53.
Edson D, Field H, McMichael L, Vidgen M, Goldspink L, Broos A, Melville D, Kristoffersen J, de Jong C, McLaughlin A. Routes of Hendra virus excretion in naturally-infected flying-foxes: implications for viral transmission and spillover risk. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140670.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kung N, McLaughlin A, Taylor M, Moloney B, Wright T, Field H. Hendra virus and horse owners–risk perception and management. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80897.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kung NY, Field HE, McLaughlin A, Edson D, Taylor M. Flying-foxes in the Australian urban environment—community attitudes and opinions. One Health. 2015;1:24–30.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Roberts BJ, Eby P, Catterall CP, Kanowski J, Bennett G: The outcomes and costs of relocating flying-fox camps: insights from the case of Maclean, Australia. The Biology and Conservation of Australasian Bats Mosman, NSW, Australia: Royal Zoological Society of NSW 2011:277–287.
Serneels S, Lambin EF. Impact of land-use changes on the wildebeest migration in the northern part of the Serengeti–Mara ecosystem. J Biogeogr. 2001;28(3):391–407.
Google Scholar
Egevang C, Stenhouse IJ, Phillips RA, Petersen A, Fox JW, Silk JR. Tracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2010;107(5):2078–81.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fraser KC, Davies KT, Davy CM, Ford AT, Flockhart DTT, Martins EG. Tracking the conservation promise of movement ecology. Front Ecol Evol. 2018;6:150.
Google Scholar
Hein AM, Hou C, Gillooly JF. Energetic and biomechanical constraints on animal migration distance. Ecol Lett. 2012;15(2):104–10.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sinclair E, Webb N, Marchant A, Tidemann C. Genetic variation in the little red flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae): implications for management. Biol Conserv. 1996;76(1):45–50.
Webb N, Tidemann C. Mobility of Australian flying-foxes, Pteropus spp.(Megachiroptera): evidence from genetic variation. Proc R Soc Lond B. 1996;263(1369):497–502.
McConkey KR, Drake DR. Flying-foxes cease to function as seed dispersers long before they become rare. Ecology. 2006;87(2):271–6.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Epstein JH, Olival KJ, Pulliam JR, Smith C, Westrum J, Hughes T, Dobson AP, Zubaid A, Rahman SA, Basir MM. Pteropus vampyrus, a hunted migratory species with a multinational home-range and a need for regional management. J Appl Ecol. 2009;46(5):991–1002.
Google Scholar
Humphries NE, Weimerskirch H, Sims DW. A new approach for objective identification of turns and steps in organism movement data relevant to random walk modelling. Methods Ecol Evol. 2013;4(10):930–8.
Google Scholar
Managing tensions around urban flying-fox roosts. https://www.ecolsoc.org.au/hot-topics/managing-tensions-around-urban-flying-fox-roosts. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Páez DJ, Restif O, Eby P, Plowright RK. Optimal foraging in seasonal environments: implications for residency of Australian flying-foxes in food-subsidized urban landscapes. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2018;373(1745):20170097.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Summary of Hendra virus incidents in horses. https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/service-industries-professionals/service-industries/veterinary-surgeons/guidelines-hendra/incident-summary. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Smith C, Skelly C, Kung N, Roberts B, Field H. Flying-fox species density-a spatial risk factor for Hendra virus infection in horses in Eastern Australia. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99965.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Goldspink LK, Edson DW, Vidgen ME, Bingham J, Field HE, Smith CS. Natural Hendra virus infection in flying-foxes-tissue tropism and risk factors. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0128835.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Burroughs A, Durr P, Boyd V, Graham K, White J, Todd S, Barr J, Smith I, Baverstock G, Meers J. Hendra virus infection dynamics in the grey-headed flying-fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) at the southern-most extent of its range: further evidence this species does not readily transmit the virus to horses. PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0155252.
Field H. The ecology of Hendra virus and Australian bat lyssavirus; 2004.
Google Scholar
Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, Divljan A, Palmer C, Tabor G, Daszak P, Foley JE. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying-foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008;275(1636):861–9.
Edson D, Peel A, Huth L, Mayer D, Vidgen M, McMichael L, Broos A, Melville D, Kristoffersen J, de Jong C. Time of year, age class and body condition predict Hendra virus infection in Australian black flying-foxes (Pteropus alecto). Epidemiol Infect. 2019;147:e240 1–10.
Roberts BJ, Catterall CP, Eby P, Kanowski J. Latitudinal range shifts in Australian flying-foxes: a re-evaluation. Austral Ecol. 2012;37(1):12–22.
Google Scholar
Westcott DA, McKeown A, Murphy HT, Fletcher CS: A monitoring method for the grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus. Atherton: CSIRO published Guidelines; 2011.
Westcott DA, Fletcher CS, McKeown A, Murphy HT. Assessment of monitoring power for highly mobile vertebrates. Ecol Appl. 2012;22(1):374–83.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Westcott DA, Heersink DK, McKeown A, Caley P. The status and trends of Australia’s EPBC-Listed flying-foxes. Australia: CSIRO; 2015.
Google Scholar
Duncan AM, Baker GB, Montgomery N. The action plan for Australian bats: Natural Heritage Trust; 1999.
Google Scholar
Eby P, Law B. Ranking the feeding habitat of grey-headed flying-foxes for conservation management. Canberra: Department of Environment, Heritage, Water and the Arts; 2008.
Google Scholar
Welbergen JA, Klose SM, Markus N, Eby P. Climate change and the effects of temperature extremes on Australian flying-foxes. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2008;275(1633):419–25.
Google Scholar
Boer MM, de Dios VR, Bradstock RA. Unprecedented burn area of Australian mega forest fires. Nat Clim Chang. 2020;10(3):171–2.
Google Scholar
Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW. Threatened species assessment guidelines; The assessment of significance. Sydney: Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW; 2007.
Toop S. Relocating Melbourne’s flying-foxes–an overview of practices and processes. Aust Bat Soc Newslett. 2004;22:17,18.
Google Scholar
van der Ree R, Nelson J, Bender H: The effectiveness of ultrasound at deterring grey-headed flying-foxes from roosting in the Fern Gully, Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne: a pilot study: Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology Melbourne; 2002.
Review of past flying-fox dispersal actions between 1990–2013. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/animals/flying-fox-2014-.subs/flyingfoxsub-jenny-beatson-part2.pdf. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Welbergen JA. Timing of the evening emergence from day roosts of the grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus: the effects of predation risk, foraging needs, and social context. Behav Ecol Sociobiol. 2006;60(3):311.
Speakman J, Hays G, Webb P. Is hyperthermia a constraint on the diurnal activity of bats? J Theor Biol. 1994;171(3):325–39.
Google Scholar
Epstein J, Field H: Disease surveillance in free ranging bat populations: challenges and logistical considerations. Rome: FAO Animal Production and Health Manual (FAO). 2011.
Cochran W: Wildlife telemetry, fr: SD Schemnitz (ed.) Wildlife management techniques manual. 4a. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, pp 5O7-52O 1980.
Jonsson N, Johnston S. Field anaesthesia of three Australian species of flying-fox. Vet Rec. 2004;154(21):664.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Divljan A, Parry-Jones K, Wardle GM. Age determination in the grey-headed flying-fox. J Wildl Manag. 2006;70(2):607–11.
Google Scholar
Welbergen JA. Growth, bimaturation, and sexual size dimorphism in wild gray-headed flying-foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus). J Mammal. 2010;91(1):38–47.
Google Scholar
Welbergen JA. Fit females and fat polygynous males: seasonal body mass changes in the grey-headed flying-fox. Oecologia. 2011;165(3):629–37.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith CS, Epstein JH, Breed AC, Plowright RK, Olival KJ, de Jong C, Daszak P, Field HE. Satellite telemetry and long-range bat movements. PLoS One. 2011;6(2):e14696.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2017.
Google Scholar
McKeown A, Westcott DA. Assessing the accuracy of small satellite transmitters on free-living flying-foxes. Austral Ecol. 2012;37(3):295–301.
Google Scholar
Three levels of government: governing Australia. https://peo.gov.au/understand-our-parliament/how-parliament-works/three-levels-of-government/three-levels-of-government-governing-australia/. Accessed 29 July 2020.
Bivand RS, Pebesma EJ, Gómez-Rubio V, Pebesma EJ. Applied spatial data analysis with R, vol. 747248717. New York: Springer; 2008.
Zuur A, Ieno E, Walker N, Saveliev A, Smith G. Mixed effects models and extensions in ecology with R. Gail M, Krickeberg K, Samet JM, Tsiatis A, Wong W, editors. New York: Spring Science and Business Media; 2009.
Google Scholar
Akaike H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In: Selected papers of hirotugu akaike. New York: Springer; 1998. p. 199–213.
Landler L, Ruxton GD, Malkemper EP. The Hermans–Rasson test as a powerful alternative to the Rayleigh test for circular statistics in biology. BMC Ecol. 2019;19(1):1–8.
Google Scholar
Rice TK, Schork NJ, Rao D. Methods for handling multiple testing. Adv Genet. 2008;60:293–308.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pewsey A, Neuhauser M, Ruxton G. Circular statistics in R. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2013.
Hyndman RJ, Khandakar Y. Automatic time series for forecasting: the forecast package for R. Clayton: Monash University, Department of Econometrics and Business Statistics; 2007.
Welbergen J, Meade J, Field H, Edson D, McMichael L, Shoo L, Praszczalek J, Smith C, Martin J. Extreme mobility of the world’s largest flying mammals creates key challenges for management and conservation datasets. Dryad. 2020. https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.mcvdncjz2.