Fig. 5

Neprilysin-like genes in the G. flavifemur genome. a The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of neprilysin-like proteins in G. flavifemur and other 16 insect species. The tree was built using IQ-TREE and branch support was assessed by 1000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates. b The phylogenetic tree of neprilysin-like genes in the G. flavifemur-specific clade and their expression pattern in venom gland, adult female tissues minus the venom gland (i.e., carcass), adult female, adult male, pupa, and larva. SP, signal peptide; VGGs, venom gland-associated genes. c Venom recruitment of neprilysin-like genes in Hymenoptera. Totally, the venom components of 31 hymenopterans were exanimated (15 in Parasitoida and 16 in Aculeate). The ectoparasitoid wood wasp O. abietinus and the non-venom basal hymenopteran A. rosae were also included. The phylogeny of these hymenopterans was obtained from previous studies [2, 91]. Others animals, such as snakes, spiders, which carry venom neprilysin-like genes were shown