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  2. The bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae gave rise to a variety of symbiotic forms, from the loosely associated commensals, often designated as secondary (S) symbionts, to obligate mutualists, called primary (P...

    Authors: Filip Husník, Tomáš Chrudimský and Václav Hypša
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. The lipid phosphatidic acid (PA) has important roles in cell signaling and metabolic regulation in all organisms. New evidence indicates that PA also has an unprecedented role as a pH biosensor, coupling chang...

    Authors: John JH Shin and Christopher JR Loewen
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:85
    Content type: Review Published on:

  6. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common, highly invasive malignant tumor associated with a high mortality rate. We previously reported that the aberrant expression of Snail via activation of reactive oxygen...

    Authors: Seung-Oe Lim, Hyeon Seop Kim, Xiaoyuan Quan, Sun-Min Ahn, Hongtae Kim, David Hsieh, Je Kyung Seong and Guhung Jung
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:83
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. Chemotropic factors in the extracellular microenvironment guide nerve growth by acting on the growth cone located at the tip of extending axons. Growth cone extension requires the coordination of cytoskeleton-...

    Authors: Lucas P Carlstrom, Jacob H Hines, Steven J Henle and John R Henley
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:82
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  8. Camouflage patterns that hinder detection and/or recognition by antagonists are widely studied in both human and animal contexts. Patterns of contrasting stripes that purportedly degrade an observer's ability ...

    Authors: Martin Stevens, W Tom L Searle, Jenny E Seymour, Kate LA Marshall and Graeme D Ruxton
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Transcription factor binding to DNA requires both an appropriate binding element and suitably open chromatin, which together help to define regulatory elements within the genome. Current methods of identifying...

    Authors: Morten Rye, Pål Sætrom, Tony Håndstad and Finn Drabløs
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:80
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. A cold night can follow a hot day, and because they cannot move, plants subjected to such temperature fluctuations must acclimate on the basis mainly of pre-existing proteins. Zhang et al. report in a paper in BM...

    Authors: Virginia Walbot
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:79
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  14. Insulin-producing beta cells emerge during pancreas development in two sequential waves. Recently described later-forming beta cells in zebrafish show high similarity to second wave mammalian beta cells in dev...

    Authors: Robin A Kimmel, Lucas Onder, Armin Wilfinger, Elin Ellertsdottir and Dirk Meyer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:75
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the essential small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protease Ulp1 is responsible for both removing SUMO/Smt3 from specific target proteins and for processing precursor SUMO i...

    Authors: Zachary C Elmore, Megan Donaher, Brooke C Matson, Helen Murphy, Jason W Westerbeck and Oliver Kerscher
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. This review discusses the many roles atomistic computer simulations of macromolecular (for example, protein) receptors and their associated small-molecule ligands can play in drug discovery, including the iden...

    Authors: Jacob D Durrant and J Andrew McCammon
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:71
    Content type: Review Published on:

  19. The uptake of drugs into cells has traditionally been considered to be predominantly via passive diffusion through the bilayer portion of the cell membrane. The recent recognition that drug uptake is mostly ca...

    Authors: Karin Lanthaler, Elizabeth Bilsland, Paul D Dobson, Harry J Moss, Pınar Pir, Douglas B Kell and Stephen G Oliver
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Rule-based modeling has become a powerful approach for modeling intracellular networks, which are characterized by rich molecular diversity. Truly comprehensive models of cell behavior, however, must address s...

    Authors: James R Faeder
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:68
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  22. Transposable elements are best interpreted as genomic parasites, proliferating in genomes through their over-replication relative to the rest of the genome. A new study examining correlations across Drosophila sp...

    Authors: John FY Brookfield
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:67
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  24. The axon initial segment (AIS) plays a crucial role: it is the site where neurons initiate their electrical outputs. Its composition in terms of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) and voltage-gated potassium (Kv) chan...

    Authors: Amandine Duflocq, Fabrice Chareyre, Marco Giovannini, François Couraud and Marc Davenne
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. It had been long assumed that almost all insertions of mobile DNA elements occurred during germ-cell development rather than in somatic-cell development, but solid evidence for transposition in somatic cells i...

    Authors: Haig H Kazazian Jr
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:62
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  26. Genetic studies in Drosophila melanogaster reveal an important role for Myc in controlling growth. Similar studies have also shown how components of the insulin and target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways are key regu...

    Authors: Federica Parisi, Sara Riccardo, Margaret Daniel, Mahesh Saqcena, Nandini Kundu, Annalisa Pession, Daniela Grifoni, Hugo Stocker, Esteban Tabak and Paola Bellosta
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. The mitochondrial genome of higher plants is unusually dynamic, with recombination and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) activities producing variability in size and organization. Plant mitochondrial DNA also g...

    Authors: Jaime I Davila, Maria P Arrieta-Montiel, Yashitola Wamboldt, Jun Cao, Joerg Hagmann, Vikas Shedge, Ying-Zhi Xu, Detlef Weigel and Sally A Mackenzie
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. The caspase family, which plays a central role in apoptosis in metazoans, has undergone an expansion in amphioxus, increasing to 45 members through domain recombination and shuffling.

    Authors: Liqun Xu, Shaochun Yuan, Jun Li, Jie Ruan, Shengfeng Huang, Manyi Yang, Huiqing Huang, Shangwu Chen, Zhenghua Ren and Anlong Xu
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. Building the complex vertebrate nervous system involves the regulated production of neurons and glia while maintaining a progenitor cell population. Neurogenesis starts asynchronously in different regions of t...

    Authors: Filipe Vilas-Boas, Rita Fior, Jason R Swedlow, Kate G Storey and Domingos Henrique
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:58
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Cells are highly complex and orderly machines, with defined shapes and a startling variety of internal organizations. Complex geometry is a feature of both free-living unicellular organisms and cells inside mu...

    Authors: Wallace F Marshall
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:57
    Content type: Opinion Published on:

  33. Fungal sexual reproductive modes have markedly high diversity and plasticity, and asexual species have been hypothesized to arise frequently from sexual fungal species. A recent study on the red yeasts provide...

    Authors: Sheng Sun and Joseph Heitman
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:56
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  34. Enormous molecular sequence data have been accumulated over the past several years and are still exponentially growing with the use of faster and cheaper sequencing techniques. There is high and widespread int...

    Authors: Ralph S Peters, Benjamin Meyer, Lars Krogmann, Janus Borner, Karen Meusemann, Kai Schütte, Oliver Niehuis and Bernhard Misof
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:55
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  35. Cell migration is essential during development and in human disease progression including cancer. Most cell migration studies concentrate on known or predicted components of migration pathways.

    Authors: Siau Wei Bai, Maria Teresa Herrera-Abreu, Jennifer L Rohn, Victor Racine, Virginia Tajadura, Narendra Suryavanshi, Stephanie Bechtel, Stefan Wiemann, Buzz Baum and Anne J Ridley
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:54
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  36. Peptide Recognition Domains (PRDs) are commonly found in signaling proteins. They mediate protein-protein interactions by recognizing and binding short motifs in their ligands. Although a great deal is known a...

    Authors: Kevin Y Yip, Lukas Utz, Simon Sitwell, Xihao Hu, Sachdev S Sidhu, Benjamin E Turk, Mark Gerstein and Philip M Kim
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:53
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. Many previous studies have focused on understanding how midbrain dopamine neurons, which are implicated in many neurological conditions, are generated during embryogenesis. One of the remaining questions conce...

    Authors: Lia Panman and Thomas Perlmann
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:51
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  40. The preimplantation embryo is sensitive to culture conditions in vitro and poor maternal diet in vivo. Such environmental perturbations can have long-lasting detrimental consequences for offspring health and phys...

    Authors: Charlotte L Williams, Jessica L Teeling, V Hugh Perry and Tom P Fleming
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:49
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Ire1 is a signal transduction protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that serves to adjust the protein-folding capacity of the ER according to the needs of the cell. Ire1 signals, in a transcriptio...

    Authors: Alexei V Korennykh, Pascal F Egea, Andrei A Korostelev, Janet Finer-Moore, Robert M Stroud, Chao Zhang, Kevan M Shokat and Peter Walter
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:48
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. The unfolded protein response (UPR) controls the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Central to this signaling pathway is the ER-resident bifunctional transmembrane kinase/endoribonucle...

    Authors: Alexei V Korennykh, Andrei A Korostelev, Pascal F Egea, Janet Finer-Moore, Robert M Stroud, Chao Zhang, Kevan M Shokat and Peter Walter
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:47
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. Brains increase the survival value of organisms by being robust and fault tolerant. That is, brain circuits continue to operate as the organism needs, even when the circuit properties are significantly perturb...

    Authors: Shyam Srinivasan and Charles F Stevens
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:46
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  44. Cytolytic cells of the immune system destroy pathogen-infected cells by polarised exocytosis of secretory lysosomes containing the pore-forming protein perforin. Precise delivery of this lethal hit is essentia...

    Authors: Jane C Stinchcombe, Mariolina Salio, Vincenzo Cerundolo, Daniela Pende, Maurizo Arico and Gillian M Griffiths
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:45
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. Understanding how biodiversity is shaped through time is a fundamental question in biology. Even though tropical rain forests (TRF) represent the most diverse terrestrial biomes on the planet, the timing, loca...

    Authors: Thomas LP Couvreur, Félix Forest and William J Baker
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:44
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. There are many reasons to be interested in stem cells, one of the most prominent being their potential use in finding better drugs to treat human disease. This article focuses on how this may be implemented. R...

    Authors: Lee L Rubin and Kelly M Haston
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:42
    Content type: Review Published on:

  50. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation route for soluble components of the cytosol and organelles. There is great interest in identifying compounds that modulate autophagy because they ...

    Authors: Tom Egil Hansen and Terje Johansen
    Citation: BMC Biology 2011 9:39
    Content type: Commentary Published on:
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