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  1. The authors of this paper were interested to see whether the expression of three proteins (A, B and C) was altered in a knockout mouse model of a gene encoding Protein X. Each experiment measured the expressio...

    Authors: Graham Bell
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:28
    Content type: Comment Published on:

  2. Regenerating damaged tissue is a complex process, requiring progenitor cells that must be stimulated to undergo proliferation, differentiation and, often, migratory behaviors and morphological changes. Multipl...

    Authors: Mario Sánchez, Maria Laura Ceci, Daniela Gutiérrez, Consuelo Anguita-Salinas and Miguel L. Allende
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:27
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), in the form of monomers or homodimers that bind heterotrimeric G proteins, are fundamental in the transfer of extracellular stimuli to intracellular signaling pathways. Dif...

    Authors: Gemma Navarro, Arnau Cordomí, Monika Zelman-Femiak, Marc Brugarolas, Estefania Moreno, David Aguinaga, Laura Perez-Benito, Antoni Cortés, Vicent Casadó, Josefa Mallol, Enric I. Canela, Carme Lluís, Leonardo Pardo, Ana J. García-Sáez, Peter J. McCormick and Rafael Franco
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:26
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  4. Synaptic loss strongly correlates with memory deterioration. Local accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, and neurotoxic Aβ42 in particular, due to abnormal neuronal activity may underlie synaptic dysfunction...

    Authors: Akira Kuzuya, Katarzyna M. Zoltowska, Kathryn L. Post, Muriel Arimon, Xuejing Li, Sarah Svirsky, Masato Maesako, Alona Muzikansky, Vivek Gautam, Dora Kovacs, Bradley T. Hyman and Oksana Berezovska
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:25
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. A crucial event in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is the exit from the pluripotent ground state that leads to the acquisition of the ‘primed’ pluripotent phenotype, characteristic of ...

    Authors: Angelica Navarra, Anna Musto, Anna Gargiulo, Giuseppe Petrosino, Giovanna Maria Pierantoni, Alfredo Fusco, Tommaso Russo and Silvia Parisi
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:24
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. The dorsal midline region of the neural tube that results from closure of the neural folds is generally termed the roof plate (RP). However, this domain is highly dynamic and complex, and is first transiently ...

    Authors: Erez Nitzan, Oshri Avraham, Nitza Kahane, Shai Ofek, Deepak Kumar and Chaya Kalcheim
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:23
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. In his splendid article “Can a biologist fix a radio? — or, what I learned while studying apoptosis,” Y. Lazebnik argues that when one uses the right tools, similarity between a biological system, like a signa...

    Authors: Mustafa Khammash
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:22
    Content type: Review Published on:

  8. Resident fibroblasts synthesize the cardiac extracellular matrix, and can undergo phenotype conversion to myofibroblasts to augment matrix production, impairing function and contributing to organ failure. A si...

    Authors: Rushita A. Bagchi, Patricia Roche, Nina Aroutiounova, Leon Espira, Bernard Abrenica, Ronen Schweitzer and Michael P. Czubryt
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:21
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Self-renewing, chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells are believed to contribute significantly to cancer invasion, migration and patient relapse. Therefore, the identification of signaling pathways that regul...

    Authors: Elizabeth A. Stanford, Zhongyan Wang, Olga Novikov, Francesca Mulas, Esther Landesman-Bollag, Stefano Monti, Brenden W. Smith, David C. Seldin, George J. Murphy and David H. Sherr
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:20
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Epithelial-mesenchymal cross talk is centerpiece in the development of many branched organs, including the lungs. The embryonic lung mesoderm provides instructional information not only for lung architectural ...

    Authors: Aimin Li, Shudong Ma, Susan M. Smith, Matt K. Lee, Ashley Fischer, Zea Borok, Saverio Bellusci, Changgong Li and Parviz Minoo
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:19
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Understanding how embryos specify asymmetric axes is a major focus of biology. While much has been done to discover signaling pathways and transcription factors important for axis specification, comparatively ...

    Authors: Zhijun Qiu, Zeinab Elsayed, Veronica Peterkin, Suehyb Alkatib, Dorothy Bennett and Joseph W. Landry
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:18
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Because of their sessile lifestyle and the lack of the sensory and feeding structures usually associated with the cephalic end, fixing the antero-posterior (AP) polarity of tapeworms is somewhat equivocal and ...

    Authors: Alessandro Minelli
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:17
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  13. Early developmental patterns of flatworms are extremely diverse and difficult to compare between distant groups. In parasitic flatworms, such as tapeworms, this is confounded by highly derived life cycles invo...

    Authors: Uriel Koziol, Francesca Jarero, Peter D. Olson and Klaus Brehm
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:10
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. In eukaryotes, tRNA trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm is a complex process connected with cell cycle regulation. Such trafficking is therefore of fundamental importance in cell biology, and disrupt...

    Authors: Dian-Fu Chen, Cheng Lin, Hong-Liang Wang, Li Zhang, Li Dai, Sheng-Nan Jia, Rong Zhou, Ran Li, Jin-Shu Yang, Fan Yang, James S. Clegg, Hiromichi Nagasawa and Wei-Jun Yang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:16
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Adaptation of the cellular metabolism to varying external conditions is brought about by regulated changes in the activity of enzymes and transporters. Hormone-dependent reversible enzyme phosphorylation and c...

    Authors: Sascha Bulik, Hermann-Georg Holzhütter and Nikolaus Berndt
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:15
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  16. The immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) constitute a powerful cell-autonomous resistance system against several intracellular pathogens. Irga6 is a dynamin-like protein that oligomerizes at the parasitophorous vac...

    Authors: Kathrin Schulte, Nikolaus Pawlowski, Katja Faelber, Chris Fröhlich, Jonathan Howard and Oliver Daumke
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:14
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  18. Plants deploy immune receptors to detect pathogen-derived molecules and initiate defense responses. Intracellular plant immune receptors called nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins contain a c...

    Authors: Panagiotis F. Sarris, Volkan Cevik, Gulay Dagdas, Jonathan D. G. Jones and Ksenia V. Krasileva
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:8
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  19. Olfaction is a fundamental sense through which most animals perceive the external world. The olfactory system detects odors via specialized sensory organs such as the main olfactory epithelium and the vomerona...

    Authors: Thiago S. Nakahara, Leonardo M. Cardozo, Ximena Ibarra-Soria, Andrew D. Bard, Vinicius M. A. Carvalho, Guilherme Z. Trintinalia, Darren W. Logan and Fabio Papes
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:12
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  21. Fast responses can provide a competitive advantage when resources are inhomogeneously distributed. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was shown to modulate locomotion on a lawn of bacterial food in serotonin (5-...

    Authors: Shachar Iwanir, Adam S. Brown, Stanislav Nagy, Dana Najjar, Alexander Kazakov, Kyung Suk Lee, Alon Zaslaver, Erel Levine and David Biron
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:9
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Most mammalian genes display alternative cleavage and polyadenylation (APA). Previous studies have indicated preferential expression of APA isoforms with short 3’ untranslated regions (3’UTRs) in testes.

    Authors: Wencheng Li, Ji Yeon Park, Dinghai Zheng, Mainul Hoque, Ghassan Yehia and Bin Tian
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:6
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  24. Tankyrases are poly(adenosine diphosphate)-ribose polymerases that contribute to biological processes as diverse as modulation of Wnt signaling, telomere maintenance, vesicle trafficking, and microtubule-depen...

    Authors: Barbara Lupo, Jorge Vialard, Francesco Sassi, Patrick Angibaud, Alberto Puliafito, Emanuela Pupo, Letizia Lanzetti, Paolo M. Comoglio, Andrea Bertotti and Livio Trusolino
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:5
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Male crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) establish dominance hierarchies within a population by fighting with one another. Larger males win fights more frequently than their smaller counterparts, and a previous study ...

    Authors: Emma Saxon
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:4
    Content type: Comment Published on:

  26. Dietary intake of specific non-digestible carbohydrates (including prebiotics) is increasingly seen as a highly effective approach for manipulating the composition and activities of the human gut microbiota to...

    Authors: Wing Sun Faith Chung, Alan W. Walker, Petra Louis, Julian Parkhill, Joan Vermeiren, Douwina Bosscher, Sylvia H. Duncan and Harry J. Flint
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:3
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  27. Phenoloxidase (PO)-catalyzed melanization is a universal defense mechanism of insects against pathogenic and parasitic infections. In mosquitos such as Anopheles gambiae, melanotic encapsulation is a resistance m...

    Authors: Yingxia Hu, Yang Wang, Junpeng Deng and Haobo Jiang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:2
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  28. An emerging cavefish model, the cyprinid genus Sinocyclocheilus, is endemic to the massive southwestern karst area adjacent to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China. In order to understand whether orogeny influenc...

    Authors: Junxing Yang, Xiaoli Chen, Jie Bai, Dongming Fang, Ying Qiu, Wansheng Jiang, Hui Yuan, Chao Bian, Jiang Lu, Shiyang He, Xiaofu Pan, Yaolei Zhang, Xiaoai Wang, Xinxin You, Yongsi Wang, Ying Sun…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2016 14:1
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Understanding the evolution of divergent developmental trajectories requires detailed comparisons of embryologies at appropriate levels. Cell lineages, the accurate visualization of cleavage patterns, tissue f...

    Authors: Thomas Stach and Chiara Anselmi
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:113
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Genetic interactions, or non-additive effects between genes, play a crucial role in many cellular processes and disease. Which mechanisms underlie these genetic interactions has hardly been characterized. Unde...

    Authors: Katrin Sameith, Saman Amini, Marian J. A. Groot Koerkamp, Dik van Leenen, Mariel Brok, Nathalie Brabers, Philip Lijnzaad, Sander R. van Hooff, Joris J. Benschop, Tineke L. Lenstra, Eva Apweiler, Sake van Wageningen, Berend Snel, Frank C. P. Holstege and Patrick Kemmeren
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:112
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. SAFB1 is a RNA binding protein implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular processes such as the regulation of transcription, stress response, DNA repair and RNA processing. To gain further insight into ...

    Authors: Caroline Rivers, Jalilah Idris, Helen Scott, Mark Rogers, Youn-Bok Lee, Jessica Gaunt, Leonidas Phylactou, Tomaz Curk, Colin Campbell, Jernej Ule, Michael Norman and James B. Uney
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:111
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. Insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle is associated with metabolic flexibility, including a high capacity to increase fatty acid (FA) oxidation in response to increased lipid supply. Lipid overload, however, ...

    Authors: Tom Ashmore, Lee D. Roberts, Andrea J. Morash, Aleksandra O. Kotwica, John Finnerty, James A. West, Steven A. Murfitt, Bernadette O. Fernandez, Cristina Branco, Andrew S. Cowburn, Kieran Clarke, Randall S. Johnson, Martin Feelisch, Julian L. Griffin and Andrew J. Murray
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:110
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Zebrafish are able to regenerate various organs and tissues after damage or amputation. To understand better the genetic controls of this process, the authors of this study investigated the expression of two g...

    Authors: Emma Saxon
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:109
    Content type: Comment Published on:

  34. Karrikins are a family of compounds produced by wildfires that can stimulate the germination of dormant seeds of plants from numerous families. Seed plants could have ‘discovered’ karrikins during fire-prone t...

    Authors: Gavin R. Flematti, Kingsley W Dixon and Steven M. Smith
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:108
    Content type: Question and Answer Published on:

  35. Membrane proteins regulate a diversity of physiological processes and are the most successful class of targets in drug discovery. However, the number of targets adequately explored in chemical space and the li...

    Authors: Joshua C. Snyder, Thomas F. Pack, Lauren K. Rochelle, Subhasish K. Chakraborty, Ming Zhang, Andrew W. Eaton, Yushi Bai, Lauren A. Ernst, Larry S. Barak, Alan S. Waggoner and Marc G. Caron
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:107
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  37. The deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basins (DHABs) of the Mediterranean (water depth ~3500 m) are some of the most extreme oceanic habitats known. Brines of DHABs are nearly saturated with salt, leading many to su...

    Authors: Joan M. Bernhard, Colin R. Morrison, Ellen Pape, David J. Beaudoin, M. Antonio Todaro, Maria G. Pachiadaki, Konstantinos Ar. Kormas and Virginia P. Edgcomb
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:105
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  38. The hormonal state during the estrus cycle or pregnancy produces alterations on female olfactory perception that are accompanied by specific maternal behaviors, but it is unclear how sex hormones act on the ol...

    Authors: Livio Oboti, Ximena Ibarra-Soria, Anabel Pérez-Gómez, Andreas Schmid, Martina Pyrski, Nicole Paschek, Sarah Kircher, Darren W. Logan, Trese Leinders-Zufall, Frank Zufall and Pablo Chamero
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:104
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Precise spatiotemporal control of gene expression is essential for the establishment of correct cell numbers and identities during brain development. This process involves epigenetic control mechanisms, such a...

    Authors: Martina Zemke, Kalina Draganova, Annika Klug, Anne Schöler, Luis Zurkirchen, Max Hans-Peter Gay, Phil Cheng, Haruhiko Koseki, Tomas Valenta, Dirk Schübeler, Konrad Basler and Lukas Sommer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:103
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Population genetics predicts that tight linkage between new and/or pre-existing beneficial and deleterious alleles should decrease the efficiency of natural selection in finite populations. By decoupling benef...

    Authors: Dau Dayal Aggarwal, Eugenia Rashkovetsky, Pawel Michalak, Irit Cohen, Yefim Ronin, Dan Zhou, Gabriel G. Haddad and Abraham B. Korol
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. Force generation and the material properties of cells and tissues are central to morphogenesis but remain difficult to measure in vivo. Insight is often limited to the ratios of mechanical properties obtained ...

    Authors: Pedro F. Machado, Julia Duque, Jocelyn Étienne, Alfonso Martinez-Arias, Guy B. Blanchard and Nicole Gorfinkiel
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:98
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  45. New Caledonian crows use a range of foraging tools, and are the only non-human species known to craft hooks. Based on a small number of observations, their manufacture of hooked stick tools has previously been...

    Authors: Barbara C. Klump, Shoko Sugasawa, James J. H. St Clair and Christian Rutz
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  46. During cell-cycle progression, substrates of a single master regulatory enzyme can be modified in a specific order. Here, we used experimental and computational approaches to dissect the quantitative mechanism...

    Authors: Dan Lu, Juliet R. Girard, Weihan Li, Arda Mizrak and David O. Morgan
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:96
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  47. The rapidly growing metagenomic databases provide increasing opportunities for computational discovery of new groups of organisms. Identification of new viruses is particularly straightforward given the compar...

    Authors: Natalya Yutin, Sofiya Shevchenko, Vladimir Kapitonov, Mart Krupovic and Eugene V. Koonin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  48. Tissue networks such as the vascular networks of plant and animal organs transport signals and nutrients in most multicellular organisms. The transport function of tissue networks depends on topological featur...

    Authors: Carla Verna, Megan G. Sawchuk, Nguyen Manh Linh and Enrico Scarpella
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:94
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  49. Complement is a large protein network in plasma that is crucial for human immune defenses and a major cause of aberrant inflammatory reactions. The C5 convertase is a multi-molecular protease complex that cata...

    Authors: Evelien T. M. Berends, Ronald D. Gorham Jr, Maartje Ruyken, Jasper A. Soppe, Hatice Orhan, Piet C. Aerts, Carla J. C. de Haas, Piet Gros and Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
    Citation: BMC Biology 2015 13:93
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:
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