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  1. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are universal metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and bicarbonate (HCO3-). They are involved in various biological processes, including pH cont...

    Authors: Yoshihisa Hirakawa, Miki Senda, Kodai Fukuda, Hong Yang Yu, Masaki Ishida, Masafumi Taira, Kazushi Kinbara and Toshiya Senda

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:105

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  2. The ability to regenerate body parts is a feature of metazoan organisms and the focus of intense research aiming to understand its basis. A number of mechanisms involved in regeneration, such as proliferation ...

    Authors: Jamie A. Havrilak, Layla Al-Shaer, Noor Baban, Nesli Akinci and Michael J. Layden

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:104

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  3. The supergroup Euglenozoa unites heterotrophic flagellates from three major clades, kinetoplastids, diplonemids, and euglenids, each of which exhibits extremely divergent mitochondrial characteristics. Mitocho...

    Authors: Kristína Záhonová, Gordon Lax, Savar D. Sinha, Guy Leonard, Thomas A. Richards, Julius Lukeš and Jeremy G. Wideman

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:103

    Content type: Research article

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  4. Environmental stimuli experienced by the parental generation influence the phenotype of subsequent generations (Demoinet et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 114:E2689-E2698, 2017; Burton et al., Nat Cell Biol 19:...

    Authors: Pedro Robles, Anisa Turner, Giusy Zuco, Sally Adams, Panagiota Paganopolou, Michael Winton, Beth Hill, Vikas Kache, Christine Bateson and Andre Pires-daSilva

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:102

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  5. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy carrier in living organisms, critical for metabolism and essential physiological processes. In humans, abnormal regulation of energy levels (ATP concentration) a...

    Authors: Yijie Deng, Douglas Raymond Beahm, Steven Ionov and Rahul Sarpeshkar

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:101

    Content type: Methodology article

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  6. Animals and plants diverged over one billion years ago and evolved unique mechanisms for many cellular processes, including cell death. One of the most well-studied cell death programmes in animals, apoptosis,...

    Authors: Elena A. Minina, Adrian N. Dauphinee, Florentine Ballhaus, Vladimir Gogvadze, Andrei P. Smertenko and Peter V. Bozhkov

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:100

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  7. Visualizing and quantifying cellular heterogeneity is of central importance to study tissue complexity, development, and physiology and has a vital role in understanding pathologies. Mass spectrometry-based me...

    Authors: Matthijs J. D. Baars, Neeraj Sinha, Mojtaba Amini, Annelies Pieterman-Bos, Stephanie van Dam, Maroussia M. P. Ganpat, Miangela M. Laclé, Bas Oldenburg and Yvonne Vercoulen

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:99

    Content type: Methodology article

    Published on:

  8. Mitochondrial respiration is organized in a series of enzyme complexes in turn forming dynamic supercomplexes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast), Cox13 (CoxVIa in mammals) is a conserved peripheral subu...

    Authors: Shu Zhou, Pontus Pettersson, Markus L. Björck, Hannah Dawitz, Peter Brzezinski, Lena Mäler and Pia Ädelroth

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:98

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  9. Vertebrate brain structure is characterised not only by relative consistency in scaling between components, but also by many examples of divergence from these general trends.. Alternative hypotheses explain th...

    Authors: Shahar Avin, Adrian Currie and Stephen H. Montgomery

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:97

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  10. The extent to which tumors acquire nutrients from dietary sources as opposed to from the breakdown of host tissues is not known. In this issue of BMC Biology, Holland et al. report an approach where food sourc...

    Authors: Keene L. Abbott and Matthew G. Vander Heiden

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:92

    Content type: Commentary

    Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Biology 2021 19:85

  11. Radioactive or stable isotopic labeling of metabolites is a strategy that is routinely used to map the cellular fate of a selected labeled metabolite after it is added to cell culture or to the circulation of ...

    Authors: Petter Holland, William M. Hagopian, A. Hope Jahren and Tor Erik Rusten

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:85

    Content type: Methodology article

    Published on:

    The Commentary to this article has been published in BMC Biology 2021 19:92

  12. Medicago ruthenica, a wild and perennial legume forage widely distributed in semi-arid grasslands, is distinguished by its outstanding tolerance to environmental stress. It is a close relative of commonly cultiva...

    Authors: Tianzuo Wang, Lifei Ren, Caihong Li, Di Zhang, Xiuxiu Zhang, Gang Zhou, Dan Gao, Rujin Chen, Yuhui Chen, Zhaolan Wang, Fengling Shi, Andrew D. Farmer, Yansu Li, Mengyan Zhou, Nevin D. Young and Wen-Hao Zhang

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:96

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  13. Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved eukaryotic protein complex that couples the presence of growth factors and nutrients in the environment with cellular proliferation. TORC1 is primari...

    Authors: Mohammad Alfatah, Jin Huei Wong, Vidhya Gomathi Krishnan, Yong Cheow Lee, Quan Feng Sin, Corinna Jie Hui Goh, Kiat Whye Kong, Wei Ting Lee, Jacqueline Lewis, Shawn Hoon and Prakash Arumugam

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:95

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  14. The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) is the most promising insect candidate for nutrient-recycling through bioconversion of organic waste into biomass, thereby improving sustainability of protein supplies fo...

    Authors: Cengiz Kaya, Tomas N. Generalovic, Gunilla Ståhls, Martin Hauser, Ana C. Samayoa, Carlos G. Nunes-Silva, Heather Roxburgh, Jens Wohlfahrt, Ebenezer A. Ewusie, Marc Kenis, Yupa Hanboonsong, Jesus Orozco, Nancy Carrejo, Satoshi Nakamura, Laura Gasco, Santos Rojo…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:94

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  15. Brassica oleracea includes several morphologically diverse, economically important vegetable crops, such as the cauliflower and cabbage. However, genetic variants, especially large structural variants (SVs), that...

    Authors: Ning Guo, Shenyun Wang, Lei Gao, Yongming Liu, Xin Wang, Enhui Lai, Mengmeng Duan, Guixiang Wang, Jingjing Li, Meng Yang, Mei Zong, Shuo Han, Yanzheng Pei, Theo Borm, Honghe Sun, Liming Miao…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:93

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  16. Infections with influenza A virus (IAV) cause high morbidity and mortality in humans. Additional to vaccination, antiviral drugs are a treatment option. Besides FDA-approved drugs such as oseltamivir or zanami...

    Authors: Marc D. Hein, Prerna Arora, Pavel Marichal-Gallardo, Michael Winkler, Yvonne Genzel, Stefan Pöhlmann, Klaus Schughart, Sascha Y. Kupke and Udo Reichl

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:91

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  18. Exaggerated secondary sexual traits are widespread in nature and often evolve under strong directional sexual selection. Although heavily studied from both theoretical and empirical viewpoints, we have little ...

    Authors: William Toubiana, David Armisén, Corentin Dechaud, Roberto Arbore and Abderrahman Khila

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:89

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  21. Vertebrate meiotic recombination events are concentrated in regions (hotspots) that display open chromatin marks, such as trimethylation of lysines 4 and 36 of histone 3 (H3K4me3 and H3K36me3). Mouse and human...

    Authors: Ondrej Mihola, Vladimir Landa, Florencia Pratto, Kevin Brick, Tatyana Kobets, Fitore Kusari, Srdjan Gasic, Fatima Smagulova, Corinne Grey, Petr Flachs, Vaclav Gergelits, Karel Tresnak, Jan Silhavy, Petr Mlejnek, R. Daniel Camerini-Otero, Michal Pravenec…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:86

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  22. The dorsal domain of the neural tube is an excellent model to investigate the generation of complexity during embryonic development. It is a highly dynamic and multifaceted region being first transiently popul...

    Authors: Shai Ofek, Sophie Wiszniak, Sarah Kagan, Markus Tondl, Quenten Schwarz and Chaya Kalcheim

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:84

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  26. Rodent malaria parasites (RMPs) serve as tractable tools to study malaria parasite biology and host-parasite-vector interactions. Among the four RMPs originally collected from wild thicket rats in sub-Saharan ...

    Authors: Abhinay Ramaprasad, Severina Klaus, Olga Douvropoulou, Richard Culleton and Arnab Pain

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:69

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

    The Commentary to this article has been published in BMC Biology 2021 19:82

  27. An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

    Authors: Léonard Hérault, Mathilde Poplineau, Adrien Mazuel, Nadine Platet, Élisabeth Remy and Estelle Duprez

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:80

    Content type: Author Correction

    Published on:

    The original article was published in BMC Biology 2021 19:19

  28. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease that involves a variety of cell types. However, how the epigenetic dysregulations of peripheral immune cells contribute to the pathogenesis o...

    Authors: Dandan Zong, Beibei Huang, Young Li, Yichen Lu, Nan Xiang, Chuang Guo, Qian Liu, Qing Sha, Pengcheng Du, Qiaoni Yu, Wen Zhang, Pengfei Cai, Yanping Sun, Jinhui Tao, Xiaomei Li, Shanbao Cai…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:79

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  29. Genetic sex ratio distorters are systems aimed at effecting a bias in the reproductive sex ratio of a population and could be applied for the area-wide control of sexually reproducing insects that vector disea...

    Authors: Angela Meccariello, Flavia Krsticevic, Rita Colonna, Giuseppe Del Corsano, Barbara Fasulo, Philippos Aris Papathanos and Nikolai Windbichler

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:78

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  30. Apicomplexa is a diverse phylum comprising unicellular endobiotic animal parasites and contains some of the most well-studied microbial eukaryotes including the devastating human pathogens Plasmodium falciparum a...

    Authors: Eric D. Salomaki, Kristina X. Terpis, Sonja Rueckert, Michael Kotyk, Zuzana Kotyková Varadínová, Ivan Čepička, Christopher E. Lane and Martin Kolisko

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:77

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  31. The pituitary gland is a neuroendocrine organ containing diverse cell types specialized in secreting hormones that regulate physiology. Pituitary thyrotropes produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), a critic...

    Authors: Alexandre Z. Daly, Lindsey A. Dudley, Michael T. Peel, Stephen A. Liebhaber, Stephen C. J. Parker and Sally A. Camper

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:76

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  32. Temperature influences biology at all levels, from altering rates of biochemical reactions to determining sustainability of entire ecosystems. Although extended exposure to elevated temperatures influences org...

    Authors: Rosemary N. Plagens, Isiah Mossiah, Karen S. Kim Guisbert and Eric Guisbert

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:75

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  33. Helminth-associated changes in gut microbiota composition have been hypothesised to contribute to the immune-suppressive properties of parasitic worms. Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated autoimmune disea...

    Authors: Timothy P. Jenkins, David I. Pritchard, Radu Tanasescu, Gary Telford, Marina Papaiakovou, Riccardo Scotti, Alba Cortés, Cris S. Constantinescu and Cinzia Cantacessi

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:74

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  34. Dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae are important photosynthetic symbionts in cnidarians (such as corals) and other coral reef organisms. Breakdown of the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis due to enviro...

    Authors: Raúl A. González-Pech, Timothy G. Stephens, Yibi Chen, Amin R. Mohamed, Yuanyuan Cheng, Sarah Shah, Katherine E. Dougan, Michael D. A. Fortuin, Rémi Lagorce, David W. Burt, Debashish Bhattacharya, Mark A. Ragan and Cheong Xin Chan

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:73

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  35. Membrane protrusions that occur on the dorsal surface of a cell are an excellent experimental system to study actin machinery at work in a living cell. Small GTPase Rac1 controls the membrane protrusions that ...

    Authors: F. Leyden, S. Uthishtran, U. K. Moorthi, H. M. York, A. Patil, H. Gandhi, E. P. Petrov, T. Bornschlögl and S. Arumugam

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:72

    Content type: Methodology article

    Published on:

  36. Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal con...

    Authors: Dustin A. Ammendolia, William M. Bement and John H. Brumell

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:71

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  37. Breast cancer is amongst the 10 first causes of death in women worldwide. Around 20% of patients are misdiagnosed leading to early metastasis, resistance to treatment and relapse. Many clinical and gene expres...

    Authors: Jean-Philippe Villemin, Claudio Lorenzi, Marie-Sarah Cabrillac, Andrew Oldfield, William Ritchie and Reini F. Luco

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:70

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  38. Unreliable research programmes waste funds, time, and even the lives of the organisms we seek to help and understand. Reducing this waste and increasing the value of scientific evidence require changing the ac...

    Authors: Rose E. O’Dea, Timothy H. Parker, Yung En Chee, Antica Culina, Szymon M. Drobniak, David H. Duncan, Fiona Fidler, Elliot Gould, Malika Ihle, Clint D. Kelly, Malgorzata Lagisz, Dominique G. Roche, Alfredo Sánchez-Tójar, David P. Wilkinson, Bonnie C. Wintle and Shinichi Nakagawa

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:68

    Content type: Comment

    Published on:

  39. Trachypithecus leucocephalus, the white-headed langur, is a critically endangered primate that is endemic to the karst mountains in the southern Guangxi province of China. Studying the genomic and transcriptomic ...

    Authors: Tengcheng Que, Huifeng Wang, Weifei Yang, Jianbao Wu, Chenyang Hou, Surui Pei, Qunying Wu, Liu Ming Li, Shilu Wei, Xing Xie, Hongli Huang, Panyu Chen, Yiming Huang, Aiqiong Wu, Meihong He, Dengpan Nong…

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:67

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  40. ESCRT-III proteins are involved in many membrane remodeling processes including multivesicular body biogenesis as first discovered in yeast. In humans, ESCRT-III CHMP2 exists as two isoforms, CHMP2A and CHMP2B...

    Authors: Maryam Alqabandi, Nicola de Franceschi, Sourav Maity, Nolwenn Miguet, Marta Bally, Wouter H. Roos, Winfried Weissenhorn, Patricia Bassereau and Stéphanie Mangenot

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:66

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  41. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is reflected in the maintenance of a daily balance between sleep and wakefulness. Although numerous internal and external factors can influence sleep, it is unclear whether and ...

    Authors: Linus Milinski, Simon P. Fisher, Nanyi Cui, Laura E. McKillop, Cristina Blanco-Duque, Gauri Ang, Tomoko Yamagata, David M. Bannerman and Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:65

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  43. Wound healing is one of the defining features of life and is seen not only in tissues but also within individual cells. Understanding wound response at the single-cell level is critical for determining fundame...

    Authors: Kevin S. Zhang, Lucas R. Blauch, Wesley Huang, Wallace F. Marshall and Sindy K. Y. Tang

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:63

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  44. IK is a splicing factor that promotes spliceosome activation and contributes to pre-mRNA splicing. Although the molecular mechanism of IK has been previously reported in vitro, the physiological role of IK has...

    Authors: Hye In Ka, Hyemin Seo, Youngsook Choi, Joohee Kim, Mina Cho, Seok-Yong Choi, Sujeong Park, Sora Han, Jinsu An, Hak Suk Chung, Young Yang and Min Jung Kim

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:44

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  46. A major goal of evolutionary developmental biology is to discover general models and mechanisms that create the phenotypes of organisms. However, universal models of such fundamental growth and form are rare, ...

    Authors: Alistair R. Evans, Tahlia I. Pollock, Silke G. C. Cleuren, William M. G. Parker, Hazel L. Richards, Kathleen L. S. Garland, Erich M. G. Fitzgerald, Tim E. Wilson, David P. Hocking and Justin W. Adams

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:58

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  47. The demographic history of South and Southeast Asia (S&SEA) is complex and contentious, with multiple waves of human migration. Some of the earliest footfalls were of the ancestors of modern Austroasiatic (AA)...

    Authors: Debashree Tagore, Farhang Aghakhanian, Rakesh Naidu, Maude E. Phipps and Analabha Basu

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:61

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  49. Extensive molecular differences exist between proliferative and differentiated cells. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic datasets from preimplantation and differentiation sta...

    Authors: Aristeidis G. Telonis and Isidore Rigoutsos

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:60

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  50. Evidence of global heterochromatin decay and aberrant gene expression in models of physiological and premature ageing have long supported the “heterochromatin loss theory of ageing”, which proposes that ageing...

    Authors: Abigail R. R. Guillermo, Karolina Chocian, Gavriil Gavriilidis, Julien Vandamme, Anna Elisabetta Salcini, Jane Mellor and Alison Woollard

    Citation: BMC Biology 2021 19:59

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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