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  2. G-quadruplexes (G4s) are stable non-canonical DNA secondary structures consisting of stacked arrays of four guanines, each held together by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds. Sequences with the ability to form these st...

    Authors: Nasim Sabouri, John A Capra and Virginia A Zakian
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:101
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  3. Rino Rappuoli is a graduate of Siena University, where he also earned his PhD before moving to the Sclavo Research Center, the Italian vaccine institute, also in Siena. He then spent two years in the USA, most...

    Authors: Rino Rappuoli
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:100
    Content type: Interview Published on:

  4. The environmental regulation of development can result in the production of distinct phenotypes from the same genotype and provide the means for organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity. The effect o...

    Authors: Ana Rita A Mateus, Manuel Marques-Pita, Vicencio Oostra, Elvira Lafuente, Paul M Brakefield, Bas J Zwaan and Patrícia Beldade
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:97
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  5. Emerging studies of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) raise new prospects for neurodegenerative disease modeling and cell replacement therapies. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the commit...

    Authors: Juan Yang, Yu Tang, Hui Liu, Fang Guo, Jun Ni and Weidong Le
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:95
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  6. Plants have inducible defenses to combat attacking organisms. Hence, some herbivores have adapted to suppress these defenses. Suppression of plant defenses has been shown to benefit herbivores by boosting thei...

    Authors: Joris J Glas, Juan M Alba, Sauro Simoni, Carlos A Villarroel, Marije Stoops, Bernardus CJ Schimmel, Robert C Schuurink, Maurice W Sabelis and Merijn R Kant
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:98
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  7. The study of microbial communities has been revolutionised in recent years by the widespread adoption of culture independent analytical techniques such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metagenomics. One potenti...

    Authors: Susannah J Salter, Michael J Cox, Elena M Turek, Szymon T Calus, William O Cookson, Miriam F Moffatt, Paul Turner, Julian Parkhill, Nicholas J Loman and Alan W Walker
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:87
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  9. Parasympathetic signaling has been inferred to regulate epithelial branching as well as organ regeneration and tumor development. However, the relative contribution of local nerve contact versus secreted signa...

    Authors: Danielle V Bower, Hyung-Kook Lee, Rusty Lansford, Kai Zinn, David Warburton, Scott E Fraser and Edwin C Jesudason
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:92
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  10. Evolutionary transitions from outcrossing between individuals to selfing are partly responsible for the great diversity of animal and plant reproduction systems. The hypothesis of `reproductive assurance’ sugg...

    Authors: Ioannis Theologidis, Ivo M Chelo, Christine Goy and Henrique Teotónio
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:93
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  11. Palmitoylation is a 16-carbon lipid post-translational modification that increases protein hydrophobicity. This form of protein fatty acylation is emerging as a critical regulatory modification for multiple as...

    Authors: Nicholas M Chesarino, Jocelyn C Hach, James L Chen, Balyn W Zaro, Murugesan VS Rajaram, Joanne Turner, Larry S Schlesinger, Matthew R Pratt, Howard C Hang and Jacob S Yount
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:91
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  12. Rodent malaria parasites (RMP) are used extensively as models of human malaria. Draft RMP genomes have been published for Plasmodium yoelii, P. berghei ANKA (PbA) and P. chabaudi AS (PcAS). Although availability ...

    Authors: Thomas D Otto, Ulrike Böhme, Andrew P Jackson, Martin Hunt, Blandine Franke-Fayard, Wieteke A M Hoeijmakers, Agnieszka A Religa, Lauren Robertson, Mandy Sanders, Solabomi A Ogun, Deirdre Cunningham, Annette Erhart, Oliver Billker, Shahid M Khan, Hendrik G Stunnenberg, Jean Langhorne…
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:86
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  13. Lake Tanganyika, an ancient lake in the Great Rift Valley, is famous for the adaptive radiation of cichlids. Five tribes of the Cichlidae family have acquired herbivory, with five ecomorphs: grazers, browsers,...

    Authors: Hiroki Hata, Akifumi S Tanabe, Satoshi Yamamoto, Hirokazu Toju, Masanori Kohda and Michio Hori
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:90
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  14. Assembled RNA polymerase III (Pol III) complexes exert local effects on chromatin processes, including influencing transcription of neighboring RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcribed genes. These properties ha...

    Authors: Qing Wang, Chance M Nowak, Asawari Korde, Dong-Ha Oh, Maheshi Dassanayake and David Donze
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:89
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  15. Although the origin of the eukaryotic cell has long been recognized as the single most profound change in cellular organization during the evolution of life on earth, this transition remains poorly understood....

    Authors: David A Baum and Buzz Baum
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:76
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  17. Metformin has been a first-line treatment for type II diabetes mellitus for decades and is the most widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Retrospective studies have found that metformin treatment is associated ...

    Authors: Alba Luengo, Lucas B Sullivan and Matthew G Vander Heiden
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:82
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  20. The inheritance of most human diseases and agriculturally important traits is controlled by many genes with small effects. Identifying these genes, while simultaneously controlling false positives, is challeng...

    Authors: Meng Li, Xiaolei Liu, Peter Bradbury, Jianming Yu, Yuan-Ming Zhang, Rory J Todhunter, Edward S Buckler and Zhiwu Zhang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:73
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  21. It is generally the case that fast transmission at neural synapses is mediated by small molecule neurotransmitters. The simple nervous system of the cnidarian Hydra, however, contains a large repertoire of neurop...

    Authors: Marc Assmann, Anne Kuhn, Stefan Dürrnagel, Thomas W Holstein and Stefan Gründer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:84
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  23. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) protect animal germlines from the deleterious effects of transposon activity. Unlike other small RNA classes like microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), an excep...

    Authors: Zhaolin Yang and Ramesh S Pillai
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:77
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  24. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a special class of small RNAs that provide defense against transposable elements in animal germline cells. In Drosophila, germline piRNAs are thought to be processed at a unique...

    Authors: Veena S Patil, Amit Anand, Alisha Chakrabarti and Toshie Kai
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:61
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  25. Nodal signalling is an absolute requirement for normal mesoderm and endoderm formation in vertebrate embryos, yet the transcriptional networks acting directly downstream of Nodal and the extent to which they a...

    Authors: Andrew C Nelson, Stephen J Cutty, Marie Niini, Derek L Stemple, Paul Flicek, Corinne Houart, Ashley EE Bruce and Fiona C Wardle
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:81
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  26. tRFs, 14 to 32 nt long single-stranded RNA derived from mature or precursor tRNAs, are a recently discovered class of small RNA that have been found to be present in diverse organisms at read counts comparable...

    Authors: Pankaj Kumar, Jordan Anaya, Suresh B Mudunuri and Anindya Dutta
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:78
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  29. Recurrent rearrangements of the human genome resulting in disease or variation are mainly mediated by non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) between low-copy repeats. However, other genomic structures, in...

    Authors: Ian M Campbell, Tomasz Gambin, Piotr Dittwald, Christine R Beck, Andrey Shuvarikov, Patricia Hixson, Ankita Patel, Anna Gambin, Chad A Shaw, Jill A Rosenfeld and Paweł Stankiewicz
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:74
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  30. Nucleostemin is a GTPase residing in the nucleolus that is considered to be an important cancer stem/progenitor cell marker protein due to its high expression levels in breast cancer stem cells and its role in...

    Authors: Antony S Tin, Anna H Park, Shyam N Sundar and Gary L Firestone
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:72
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  31. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) was undertaken with the goal of defining microbial communities in and on the bodies of healthy individuals using high-throughput metagenomic sequencing analysis. The viruses ...

    Authors: Kristine M Wylie, Kathie A Mihindukulasuriya, Yanjiao Zhou, Erica Sodergren, Gregory A Storch and George M Weinstock
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:71
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  32. The meiotic developmental pathway in yeast enables both differentiation of vegetative cells into haploid spores that ensure long-term survival, and recombination of the parental DNA to create genetic diversity...

    Authors: Thomas Walther, Fabien Létisse, Lindsay Peyriga, Ceren Alkim, Yuchen Liu, Aurélie Lardenois, Hélène Martin-Yken, Jean-Charles Portais, Michael Primig and Jean Marie François\
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:60
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  33. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains were first identified from mammalian proteins that bind lipid/sterol ligands via a hydrophobic pocket. In plants, predicted ...

    Authors: Kathrin Schrick, Michael Bruno, Aashima Khosla, Paige N Cox, Sara A Marlatt, Remigio A Roque, Henry C Nguyen, Cuiwen He, Michael P Snyder, Daljit Singh and Gitanjali Yadav
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:70
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  34. Antagonistic interactions mediated by antibiotics are strong drivers of bacterial community dynamics which shape biodiversity. Colicin production by Escherichia coli is such an interaction that governs intraspeci...

    Authors: Felix JH Hol, Mathias J Voges, Cees Dekker and Juan E Keymer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:68
    Content type: Research Article Published on:

  36. Genomes of bacteria and archaea (collectively, prokaryotes) appear to exist in incessant flux, expanding via horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication, and contracting via gene loss. However, the actual ra...

    Authors: Pere Puigbò, Alexander E Lobkovsky, David M Kristensen, Yuri I Wolf and Eugene V Koonin
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:66
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  39. Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a fundamental tool for studying the spatio-temporal expression pattern of RNA molecules in intact embryos and tissues. The available methodologies for detecting mRNAs i...

    Authors: Theresa Gross-Thebing, Azadeh Paksa and Erez Raz
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:55
    Content type: Methodology article Published on:

  40. Archaea share a similar microbial lifestyle with bacteria, and not surprisingly then, also exist within matrix-enclosed communities known as biofilms. Advances in biofilm biology have been made over decades fo...

    Authors: Scott Chimileski, Michael J Franklin and R Thane Papke
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:65
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  41. Phase 2 detoxification enzymes provide a vital defence against reactive oxygen species, including xenobiotic metabolites, which cause the oxidative damage involved in drug toxicity and many diseases. Hence, th...

    Authors: Helen M Crook-McMahon, Monika Oláhová, Emma L Button, Johnathan J Winter and Elizabeth A Veal
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:64
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  42. Multiple growth factors are known to control several aspects of neuronal biology, consecutively acting as morphogens to diversify neuronal fates, as guidance cues for axonal growth, and as modulators of surviv...

    Authors: Nathalie Caruso, Balazs Herberth, Fabienne Lamballe, Vilma Arce-Gorvel, Flavio Maina and Françoise Helmbacher
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:56
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  43. The formation of the primitive streak is the first visible sign of gastrulation, the process by which the three germ layers are formed from a single epithelium during early development. Embryonic stem cells (E...

    Authors: David A Turner, Pau Rué, Jonathan P Mackenzie, Eleanor Davies and Alfonso Martinez Arias
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:63
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  44. The research field of connectomics arose just recently with the development of new three-dimensional-electron microscopy (EM) techniques and increasing computing power. So far, only a few model species (for ex...

    Authors: Tobias Lehmann, Martin Heß, Gerhard Wanner and Roland R Melzer
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:59
    Content type: Research article Published on:

  45. The quality of complex communication signals, such as birdsong, is difficult to assess and compare across individuals or species. A new study on skylark song avoids the problem of signal complexity by assessin...

    Authors: Gonçalo C Cardoso
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:62
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  48. The rod is a ubiquitous shape adopted by walled cells from diverse organisms ranging from bacteria to fungi to plants. Although rod-like shapes are found in cells of vastly different sizes and are constructed ...

    Authors: Fred Chang and Kerwyn Casey Huang
    Citation: BMC Biology 2014 12:54
    Content type: Review Published on:
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